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10556735770Father of AnatomyAndreas Vesalius 15430
10556735771Anatomybranch of science that deals with the structure (morphology) of body parts and how they are organized.1
10556735772Physiologythe functions of body parts (what they do and how they do it).2
10556735773Levels of organizationAtoms → molecules → macromolecules → organelles → cells → tissue → organs → organ system → organism (simplest to most complex)3
10556735774movementchange in position of the body, body part, motion of internal organ.4
10556735775responsivenessreaction to change occurring inside or outside the body.5
10556735776growthincrease in body size w/out change in shape.6
10556735777reproductionproduction of new life and new cells.7
10556735778respirationtaking in oxygen, removing carbon dioxide, release of energy from foods (cellular respiration)8
10556735779digestionbreakdown of food for absorption9
10556735780absorptionmovement of substances through membranes and into body fluids.10
10556735781circulationmovement of substances within body fluids.11
10556735782assimilationchanging absorbed substances into chemically different forms.12
10556735783excretionremoval of wastes produced by metabolic reaction.13
10556735784Metabolismthe sum total of all the chemical reactions in the body that break substances down and build them up. (the chemistry of the body) These reactions enable us to make and use energy. The following characteristics are involved in metabolism: digestion, absorption, assimilation, respiration, excretion.14
10556735785Watermakes up most of the body, where metabolic reactions take place. Also transports substances and helps to regulate body temp.15
10556735786Foodprovide body w/nutrients to make energy, build new living matter, and regulate chemical reactions.16
10556735787Oxygenused to release energy from food which drives all metabolic reactions.17
10556735788Heatthe product of metabolic reactions. The degree of heat present determines the rate that chemical reactions will occur.18
10556735789Pressureapplication of force to something. (force outside body due to the air, blood pressure exerted due to the action of the heart)19
10556735790Homeostasisthe maintenance of a stable or balanced internal environment. - Homeostasis is maintained by homeostatic mechanisms - self-regulating control systems.20
10556735791receptorsprovide info about specific conditions in the internal environment (nerves)21
10556735792stimulusanything in the external or internal environment that requires the body to respond) -brain22
10556735793set-pointstells what the normal limits should be23
10556735794effectorscause responses to alter the conditions in the internal environment (always muscles/glands)24
10556735795Negative feedback systemif a deviation in the set point is received, the effectors respond to return conditions to normal until the effectors are gradually shut/slow down. This is referred to as "negative" because the deviation from the set point is corrected and moves in the "opposite or negative" direction than is normal. This correction reduces the action of the effectors.25
10556735796Control centerBrain26
10556735797axialhead, neck, trunk27
10556735798appendicularupper and lower limbs28
10556735799How many parts can the body be divided into?2, axial and appendicular29
10556735800Axial portiontwo major cavities (organs w/in cavities are visceral organs or viscera)30
10556735801dorsal cavitysubdivided into two parts (no membranes)31
10556735802cranial cavityskull/houses brain32
10556735803vertebral canalspinal cord w/in sections of vertebrae33
10556735804ventral cavity(larger than dorsal) subdivided into two by a thin muscle called the diaphragm (aids in breathing)34
10556735805thoracic cavityseparated into two compartments by the mediastinum (the middle area)35
10556735806pleural cavityrt. and lt. lungs36
10556735807paricardial cavityheart, esophagus, trachea, thymus gland (lie w/in the mediastinum)- middle sternum37
10556735808abdominopelvic cavitydiaphragm to pelvis38
10556735809abdominal cavityviscera include stomach, liver, spleen, gallbladder, kidneys, most of sm/lg intestines39
10556735810pelvic cavity(enclosed by hip bones) terminal portion of lg. intestine, kidneys, most of sm./lg. intestines urinary bladder, internal reproductive organs40
10556735811other body cavitieswithin the skull41
10556735812oral cavityteeth, tongue42
10556735813nasal cavityw/in nose - nasal septum, frontal and sphenoidal sinuses43
10556735814orbital cavitiesorbits (eyes), associated muscles and nerves44
10556735815middle ear cavitiesincluding middle ear bones45
10556735816parietalmembranes attached to walls of a cavity (provide a lining)46
10556735817visceralmembranes that cover internal organs (deeper)47
10556735818thoracic cavitypleural cavity - pleural membranes of the lungs a. lined with parietal pleura b. visceral pleura covers lungs c. pleural cavity b/t two pleura (potential space) B. pericardial cavity - pericardial membranes of the heart a. lined with parietal pericardium b. visceral pericardium cover heart c. pericardial cavity b/t two membranes (potential space)48
10556735819abdominopelvic cavityperitoneal membranes (all organs but the heart/lungs) a. lined w/parietal peritoneum b. visceral peritoneum covers each organ c. peritoneal cavity b/t two membranes (potential space)49
10556735820Organ systemsthere are 11 systems with interrelated organs all working together50
10556735821body coveringintegumentary system 1. includes skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous glands (oil glands) 2. regulate body temp., house sensory receptors, protect tissues, synthesize certain products51
10556735822skeletal systembones, cartilages, ligaments b. framework for body, protects soft tissues, attachments for muscles, tissues w/in bones produce blood cells and store inorganic salts.52
10556735823muscular systemall muscles of the body b. contracting and pulling of muscles cause body movements. c. maintain posture, main source of body heat53
10556735824nervous systembrain, spinal cord, nerves, sense organs b. receives impulses, interprets information, acts on info. received54
10556735825endocrine systempituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, ovaries, testes, pineal and thymus glands. glands secrete chemical messengers called hormones to regulate metabolism55
10556735826cardiovascular systemheart, arteries, veins, capillaries, blood b. pumps blood through vessels throughout body, transports gases, nutrients, hormones, wastes56
10556735827lymphatic systemlymphatic vessels, lymph fluid, lymph nodes, thymus gland, spleen b. defend the body against infection by removing disease causing microorganisms, viruses from tissue fluid.57
10556735828digestive systemmouth, tongue, teeth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, b. receives foods from outside, break down food molecules into simpler forms gallbladder, pancreas, sm. and lg. intestines for absorption58
10556735829respiratory systemnasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs. b. take air in and out and exchange gases b/t the blood and air.59
10556735830urinary system or excretory systemkidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra b. remove wastes from blood and help maintain the body's water and electrolyte balance.60
10556735831reproductionmale reproductive system - a. scrotum, testes, epididymides, vasa deferentia, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulborethral glands, penis, urethra. maintain sperm cells, transfer sperm cells into female reproductive tract61
10556735832female reproductive systemovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, clitoris, vulva b. maintain egg cells, receive sperm cells, transport sperm to egg w/in system, supports development new organism, enables birth process to proceed62
10556735833anatomical positionbody is standing erect, face forward, upper limbs at sides, palms forward63

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