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| 13466593744 | Simple Epithelium | Single layer of cells that function in diffusion, osmosis, filtration, secretion, or absorption | 0 | |
| 13466593745 | Simple squamous epithelium | Function: Allows passage of materials by diffusion and filtration in sites where protection is not important; secretes lubricating substances Location: Kidney glomeruli, air sacs of lungs, lining of heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels; lining of ventral body cavity(serosae) | 1 | |
| 13466594216 | Simple Cuboidal Epithelium | Function: secretion and absorption Location: Kidney tubules; ducts and secretory portions of small glands, ovary surface. | 2 | |
| 13466594741 | Simple Columnar Epithelium | Function: Absorption; secretion of mucus, enzymes, and other substances; ciliated type propels mucus (or reproductive cells) by ciliated action. Location: digestive tract gallbladder and excretory ducts of some glands; ciliated variety lines small bronchi, uterine tubes, and some regions of the uterus. | 3 | |
| 13466598008 | Pseudostradified | looks stradified glands and ducts moves mucus | 4 | |
| 13466610069 | connective tissue | mainly to bind and support other tissues, having a sparse population of cells scattered through an extracellular matrix. Enclosing and separating tissues Connecting tissues Supporting and moving body parts Cushioning and insulating Transporting Protecting | 5 | |
| 13466611229 | Muscular Tissue | Contracts and moves the various parts of the body. contracts volunteer or involuntarily | 6 | |
| 13466611237 | Nervous Tissue | dendrites cell body axon Brain spinal cord ganglia A body tissue that carries electrical messages back and forth between the brain and every other part of the body. | 7 | |
| 13466617619 | epithelial tissue | Single layer(s) of flat cells A body tissue that covers the surfaces of the body, inside and out Protects underlying structures Acts as a barrier Permitting the passage of substances Secreting substances Absorbing substances | 8 | |
| 13466638940 | Microfilaments | Long, thin fibers that function in the movement and support of the cell | 9 | |
| 13466640621 | Intermediate filaments | Perhaps the most important function of intermediate filaments is to provide mechanical support for the plasma membrane where it comes into contact with other cells or with the extracellular matrix. | 10 | |
| 13466641564 | Microtubules | Microtubules are hollow, fibrous shafts whose main function is to help support and give shape to the cell. They also serve a transportation function, as they are the routes upon which organelles move through the cell. | 11 | |
| 13466642872 | Cytosol | the aqueous component of the cytoplasm of a cell, within which various organelles and particles are suspended. | 12 | |
| 13466643366 | Nucleus | A part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction | 13 | |
| 13466643974 | Golgi complex | a cell organelle that helps make and package materials to be transported out of the cell | 14 | |
| 13466643975 | Endoplasmic Reticulum | a network of membranous tubules within the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell, continuous with the nuclear membrane. It usually has ribosomes attached and is involved in protein and lipid synthesis. | 15 | |
| 13466645070 | Mitochondria | An organelle found in large numbers in most cells, in which the biochemical processes of respiration and energy production occur. | 16 | |
| 13466645071 | Peroxisomes | They are small vesicles found around the cell. They have a single membrane that contains digestive enzymes for breaking down toxic materials in the cell. | 17 | |
| 13466646556 | Lysosomes | organelle in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells containing degradative enzymes enclosed in a membrane. | 18 | |
| 13466647266 | Glycogen | a substance deposited in bodily tissues as a store of carbohydrates. polysaccharide, which forms glucose on hydrolysis. | 19 | |
| 13466650939 | Glucagon | causes the liver to convert stored glycogen into glucose, which is released into the bloodstream A protein hormone secreted by pancreatic endocrine cells that raises blood glucose levels; an antagonistic hormone to insulin. | 20 | |
| 13466652550 | Diabetes 1 | A chronic condition in which the pancreas produces little or no insulin. | 21 | |
| 13466654027 | Diabetes 2 | Immune system destroying Alpha cells in the Pancreas | 22 | |
| 13466654636 | Insulin | Insulin is a hormone made by the pancreas that allows your body to use sugar (glucose) from carbohydrates in the food that you eat for energy or to store glucose for future use.Insulin helps keeps your blood sugar level from getting too high (hyperglycemia) or too low (hypoglycemia). | 23 | |
| 13466655652 | Cardiac Muscle | cylindrical single nucli, connected by intercalated disks Involuntary muscle tissue found only in the heart. | 24 | |
| 13466657415 | Smooth Muscle | tapered non striated single nuclus muscle tissue in which the contractile fibrils are not highly ordered, occurring in the gut and other internal organs and not under voluntary control. | 25 | |
| 13466659296 | Skeletal Muscle | Long large cylindrical strands striated multi nucli A muscle that is attached to the bones of the skeleton and provides the force that moves the bones. | 26 | |
| 13466660738 | Muscle Structure | -made up of fibers, covered with fascia and attach to bone with tendons. a. Muscle fibers-held together with connective tissue and enclosed b. Fascia-connective tissue that covers, supports and separates muscles or groups of muscles. c. tendons-attach muscle to bone | 27 | |
| 13466670254 | synovial joint | A synovial joint, also known as diarthrosis, joins bones with a fibrous joint capsule that is continuous with the periosteum of the joined bones, constitutes the outer boundary of a synovial cavity, and surrounds the bones' articulating surfaces. | 28 | |
| 13466672391 | Joint Types | Hinge Joints Bend Your Limbs Ball and Socket Joints Provide Rotation Condyloid Joints Twist and Bend Saddle Joints Have a Unique Shape Gliding Joints Allow Smooth Motion. | 29 | |
| 13466674577 | axial skeleton | Portion of the skeletal system that consists of the skull, rib cage, and vertebral column | 30 | |
| 13466675996 | appendicular skeleton | Bones of the limbs and limb girdles that are attached to the axial skeleton | 31 | |
| 13466686870 | collagen fibers | Bind bones and other tissues to each other tendon, ligament, skin, cornea, cartilage, bone, blood vessels, gut, and intervertebral disc. Alpha polypeptide chains | 32 | |
| 13466687568 | Elastic Fibers | Allow organs like arteries and lungs to recoil extracellular matrix Elastic microfibril and elastin | 33 | |
| 13466688525 | Reticular Fibers | Form a scaffolding for other cells liver, bone marrow, and lymphatic organs Type III collagen | 34 | |
| 13466693119 | loose connective tissue | areolar, adipose, reticular | 35 | |
| 13466697674 | Areolar Tissue | Binds skin to underlying organs | 36 | |
| 13466698719 | adipose tissue | Tissue that stores fat. | 37 | |
| 13466699271 | reticular tissue | Forms internal supporting framework of soft organs such as the spleen | 38 | |
| 13466728209 | muscle contraction steps | At rest, troponin blocks tropomyosin binding site on actin When Ca+ is available, it binds to troponin on actin, and myosin binding site becomes available Myosin, containing ADP + P, binds its head to actin Myosin head moves and pulls actin (power stroke), ADP released *Binding of new ATP needed to release actin from myosin head ATP hydrolysis by myosin occurs and cycle repeats | 39 | |
| 13466731205 | vertebrae structure | body- weight bearing inter vertebral disks-separate verterbral bodies vertebral arch- surrounds the verterbral foramen (inside is the vertebral canal) two pedicles two laminae spinous process | 40 | |
| 13466748640 | Vertebrae Patholgies | Scoliosis- abnormal lateral curvature of the spine Stenosis- narrowing of the spinal canal with compression of nerve roots Spina bifida- spinal canal fails to close completely around the spinal cord to protect it Tumors- 1. Intramedullary - within spinal cord 2. Intradural - within the dura but outside the spinal cord 3. Extradural - outside the spinal cord | 41 | |
| 13466752150 | Spinal Tumors | 3 types - 1. Intramedullary - within spinal cord 2. Intradural - within the dura but outside the spinal cord 3. Extradural - outside the spinal cord | 42 | |
| 13466757040 | Bone Repair | Hematoma formed Callus Formed Internally and Externally Callus Ossification, woven bone replaces internal and external calluses Compact bone replaces woven bone and internal calluses is removed restoring the cavity | 43 | |
| 13466757886 | bone remodeling | Resorption phase. Once differentiated, osteoclasts polarize, adhere to the bone surface and begin to dissolve bone. This function requires two steps: i) acidification of the bone matrix to dissolve the inorganic component, and ii) release of lysosomial enzymes, Resorption phase. Once differentiated, osteoclasts polarize, adhere to the bone surface and begin to dissolve bone. This function requires two steps: i) acidification of the bone matrix to dissolve the inorganic component, and ii) release of lysosomial enzymes, recruitment of the osteoblasts in the reabsorbed area. Once recruited, osteoblasts produce the new bone matrix, initially not calcified and then they promote its mineralization, thus completing the bone remodelling process. | 44 | |
| 13466775101 | Endochondral ossification | is formed using cartilage models. The cartilage models have the general shape of the mature bone. During Endochondral ossification cartilage cells called chondrocytes increase in number, enlarge and die. This cartilage matrix becomes calcified. Blood vessels in the outer surface cause cells to become osteoblasts. Osteoblasts then invade the calcified cartilage matrix and form a bone trabeculae. | 45 | |
| 13466776934 | intramembranous ossification | osteoblasts produce bone in connective tissue membranes. Mainly in the skull. Osteoblasts line up on the surface of connective tissue fibers and deposit bone matrix to form trabeculae radiating out from ossification centers. | 46 | |
| 13466779241 | Compact Bone | Compact bone is mostly solid matrix and cells. Outer borders of long bones and thinner surfaces of bones. Blood vessels form central canals. | 47 | |
| 13466780329 | Spongy Bone | Spongy bone consists of a lacy network of bone with many small marrow filled spaces. Center of most long bones. Adds strength without weight, no blood vessels. | 48 | |
| 13466780940 | ossification | Osteocyte. Osteocyte, a cell that lies within the substance of fully formed bone. It occupies a small chamber called a lacuna, which is contained in the calcified matrix of bone. Osteocytes derive from osteoblasts, or bone-forming cells, and are essentially osteoblasts surrounded by the products they secreted. | 49 | |
| 13466785923 | Skeletal System structure and function | Support- Ridgid bone supports weight Protection- Skull and rib cage protect contents Movement- Muscles attached to bones allow for movement Storage- Stored minerals can be released if needed, fats can provide energy Blood Cell Production- Cavities filled with RBM produce cells and platelets | 50 | |
| 13466788978 | homeostasis | A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level | 51 | |
| 13466789694 | Heart Blood Flow | Superior VC RA Tricuspid RV Pulmonary Valve Pulmonary Artery Lungs Pulmonary Veins LA Mitral Valve LV Aortic Valve Aorta | 52 | |
| 13466790989 | Blood Vessels | The main function of blood vessels is to carry blood through the body. The blood carries oxygen, nutrients, and wastes that need to move around the body. There are three kinds of blood vessels: arteries, veins, and capillaries. The arteries carry blood away from the heart and transport it to the rest of the body. | 53 | |
| 13466792395 | Blood composition | 55% plasma, 45% red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets | 54 | |
| 13466794417 | Blood Functions | supplying oxygen to cells and tissues. providing essential nutrients to cells, such as amino acids, fatty acids, and glucose. removing waste materials, such as carbon dioxide, urea, and lactic acid. protecting the body from infection and foreign bodies through the white blood cells | 55 | |
| 13466800439 | Blood Clotting | Inactive clotting factors in plasma are activated by exposure to connective tissue or chemicals released by tissues. Activated clotting factors form Prothrombinase Prothrombinase converts Prothrombin to Thrombin Thrombin convers Fibrinogen to Fibrin | 56 | |
| 13466847952 | Baroreceptors | stretch-sensitive receptors located in the aortic arch and carotid bodies, send messages to the medulla oblongata | 57 | |
| 13466852599 | Chemoreceptors | Contained in the Medulla oblongata detects changse in the pH and CO2 levels and activates SNS | 58 | |
| 13466854989 | adaptive immunity | the ability to recognize and remember specific antigens and mount an attack on them | 59 | |
| 13466857953 | inate immunity | genetic / exists in a person without prior contact with an antigen | 60 | |
| 13466861052 | functions of the urinary system | excretion, elimination, homeostatic regulation | 61 | |
| 13466863195 | renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system | -decreased blood pressure causes the juxtaglomerular cells of kidneys to secrete renin which converts angiotensinogen (inactive) to angiotensin I (active) which is then converted into angiotensin II by angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) -Angiotensin II stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone - leads to absorption of Na and increased blood pressure -once blood pressure is restored, there is a decreased drive to stimulate renin release | 62 | |
| 13466863549 | ADH | ADH converts to AVP has two primary functions. First, it increases the amount of solute-free water reabsorbed back into the circulation from the filtrate in the kidney tubules of the nephrons. Second, AVP constricts arterioles, which increases peripheral vascular resistance and raises arterial blood pressure. | 63 | |
| 13466883087 | lymphatic system | Fluid Balance- reduces edema Lipid Absorption- passes lipids to venous circulation Defense- Nodes filters pathogens from blood and lymph | 64 | |
| 13466897311 | Functions of the respiratory system | -gas exchange -thermoregulation -prevents invaders from gaining access to blood stream -controls blood pH by controlling CO2 concentrations | 65 | |
| 13466898953 | Bohr effect | a decrease in the amount of oxygen associated with hemoglobin and other respiratory compounds in response to a lowered blood pH resulting from an increased concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood. | 66 | |
| 13466905395 | function of nervous system | sensory input, integration, motor output | 67 | |
| 13466905831 | Action Potential | a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon | 68 | |
| 13466906301 | gate pain control theory | theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological "gate" that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain | 69 | |
| 13466928997 | Mechanoreceptors | respond to touch, pressure, vibration, stretch, and itch | 70 | |
| 13466930534 | Chemoreceptors | respond to chemicals such as odor | 71 | |
| 13466931051 | Photoreceptors | respond to light | 72 | |
| 13466931441 | Thermoreceptors | respond to changes in temperature | 73 | |
| 13466931844 | Norciceptors | Respond to pain | 74 | |
| 13466932886 | rhodopsin | Exposure to light activates rhodopsin, rhodopsin is split by light into retinal and opsin, eventually resulting in an action potential | 75 | |
| 13466945357 | functions of the endocrine system | Metabolism + Tissue maturation Ion regulation Immune system regulation Water balance Control of blood glucose Control of reproductive functions Uterine contractions + milk release | 76 | |
| 13466949829 | lipid soluble hormones | -steroid and thyroid hormones -act on intracellular receptors that directly activate genes -can enter cell | 77 | |
| 13466950625 | water soluble hormones | bind to receptors on the surface of the cell | 78 | |
| 13466951219 | hormone | Chemical messengers, mostly those manufactured by the endocrine glands, that are produced in one tissue and affect another | 79 | |
| 13466951960 | Receptor site | location that uniquely recognizes a neurotransmitter | 80 | |
| 13466957177 | anterior pituitary hormones | GH, TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, PRL | 81 | |
| 13466959261 | posterior pituitary hormones | ADH and oxytocin | 82 | |
| 13466968924 | Growth Hormone | hormone secreted by anterior pituitary gland that stimulates growth of bones Targets most tissue | 83 | |
| 13466974164 | Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) | stimulates thyroid gland to secrete thyroid hormones Thyroxine and Triiodothyronine | 84 | |
| 13466977673 | Thyroxine and Triiodothyronine | Major hormones produced by the thyroid: stimulate metabolism, growth, and development | 85 | |
| 13466978028 | ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) | stimulates secretion of hormones by adrenal cortex | 86 | |
| 13466979518 | Glucocorticoids | raises blood sugar levels, fat and protien breakdown Tissues | 87 | |
| 13466980839 | LH (luteinizing hormone) | a hormone that causes the secretion of sex hormones by the testes and ovaries | 88 | |
| 13466982409 | Testosterone | sperm cell production | 89 | |
| 13466983118 | Estrogens and progesterone (together) | regulate the menstrual cycle and promote breast development | 90 | |
| 13466984088 | FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) | stimulates secretion of ovarian sex hormones, development of ovarian follicles, and sperm production | 91 | |
| 13466984889 | Prolactin (PRL) | secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; promotes milk secretion | 92 | |
| 13466985346 | antidiuretic hormone (ADH) | Conserves water constricts blood vessels Kidney | 93 | |
| 13466986694 | Oxytocin (OT) | Increases the contractions of the uterus during birth and promotes the release of breast milk Uterus | 94 | |
| 13466987046 | Calcitonin | Lowers blood calcium levels Bone | 95 | |
| 13466987800 | parathyroid hormone | increases blood calcium levels Bone Kidney | 96 | |
| 13466988898 | Epi NorEpi | the two principal hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla Heart and Vessels | 97 | |
| 13466989648 | Mineralocorticoids | Promote reabsorption of Na+ and excretion of K+ in kidneys | 98 | |
| 13466992239 | adrenal androgens | hormones produced by the adrenal glands that program various aspects of puberty, such as growth of body hair, skin changes, and sexual desire | 99 | |
| 13466992599 | Thymosin | regulates immune response Immune tissues | 100 | |
| 13466993593 | Melatonin | Inhibits reproduction Hypothalamus | 101 | |
| 13466996884 | stress response | SNS prepares body for physical activity, shunts blood, raises BP and HR, Epi release SNS response releases CRH which causes release of ACTH which releases glococorticoids and cortisol Cortisol causes lipid and protien breakdown, increasing BGL and anti inflammatory effects | 102 |
