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| 13514104731 | ground state | The lowest energy state of an atom | 0 | |
| 13514104732 | excited state | a state in which an atom has more energy than it does at its ground state | 1 | |
| 13514107897 | half-life | the rate at which a radioactive isotope decays | 2 | |
| 13514137781 | radioactive iodine | diagnose and treat thyroid gland disease | 3 | |
| 13514141402 | tracer | radioisotope which can be incorporated into a molecule and used to trace the path of the molecule in a metabolic pathway | 4 | |
| 13514203260 | Hydrophobic | nonpolar, will dissolve in lipids | 5 | |
| 13514289890 | specific heat | amount of heat a substance must absorb to increase 1 gram of the substance by 1 C | 6 | |
| 13514319707 | cohesion tension | water molecules attract one another | 7 | |
| 13514330508 | transpirational-pull cohesion tension | as a molecule is lost by transpiration in the leaves, a molecule is drawn in at the roots | 8 | |
| 13514365604 | adhesion | Adhesion is the attraction of molecules of one kind for molecules of a different kind | 9 | |
| 13514374624 | surface tension | insects can walk on water without breaking the surface | 10 | |
| 13514404407 | spring overturn | since ice is less dense than water and it floats, when ice melts, the water with O2 goes to the bottom of the lake, while the water in which the organisms had lived during winter and have released nutrients into, goes to the top | 11 | |
| 13514430573 | pH | -log(concentration of H in moles per liter) with base of 10 | 12 | |
| 13514475903 | buffers | substances that resist changes in pH, bicarbonate ion | 13 | |
| 13514527043 | cis-trans isomers | isomers which differ only in spatial arrangement around double bonds | 14 | |
| 13514540186 | enantiomers | molecules that are mirror images of each other; all amino acids in cells are left-handed | 15 | |
| 13514592015 | carbohydrates | fuel and building material; CnH2O; monosaccharides, disaccharides, ploysaccharides | 16 | |
| 13514609947 | Monosaccharides | C6H12O6, glucose, galactose, fructose, | 17 | |
| 13514632811 | disaccharides | C12H22O11; two monosaccharides joined together with the release of water in the process called dehydration synthesis or condensation; maltose (g +g), lactose (g + ga), sucrose (g + f) | 18 | |
| 13514674205 | hydrolysis | the breakdown of a compound by adding water; reverse of hydration synthesis | 19 | |
| 13514684241 | Polysaccharides | macromolecules, polymers; cellulose (starch = amylose and amylopectin), chitin, found in exoskeleton in arthropods and cell walls in mushrooms (glycogen = liver and skeletal muscle) | 20 | |
| 13514729157 | lipids (hydrophobic) | fats, oils, waxes, steroids; 1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids | 21 | |
| 13514773671 | fatty acid | hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group at one end (=O, -OH) | 22 | |
| 13514833497 | steroids | 4 fused rings, cholesterol, testosterone, estradiol | 23 | |
| 13531716462 | Phospholipids | glycerol (head) + 2 fatty acids (hydrophobic tail) + 1 phosphate group (head) | 24 | |
| 13531763491 | proteins | unbranched macromolecules that carry out growth and repair, signalling, regulation (insulin), enzymatic activity: catalysing chemical reactions, movement (actin, myosin), fish, meat, beans, peanuts | 25 | |
| 13531842518 | proteins are | polymers, polypeptides, consisting of animo acids joined by peptide bonds | 26 | |
| 13531867874 | amino acid | carboxyl group, amine group, R | 27 | |
| 13531889239 | conformation | shape | 28 | |
| 13531913884 | primary structure | amino acid sequence, sickle cell anemia = valine for glutamic acid in haemoglobin | 29 | |
| 13531962844 | secondary structure | hydrogen bonding within the polypeptide molecule, alpha helix vs beta pleated sheet = fibrous proteins (collagen, wool, ligaments), keratin - alpha, silk - beta | 30 | |
| 13532015475 | tertiary structure | 3d, specificity | 31 | |
| 13532061514 | quaternary | more than 1 polypeptide chain, haemoglobin - 4, each forming a heme group | 32 | |
| 13532097557 | denaturation | protein loses its shape and characteristics | 33 | |
| 13532125662 | chaperone proteins | assist in folding other proteins | 34 | |
| 13532131238 | prions | misfolded proteins in brain cells, alzheimer's | 35 | |
| 13532149486 | how to know shape | x-ray crystallography, NMR spectroscopy, bioinformatics | 36 | |
| 13532167843 | nucleic acids | RNA, DNA, polymers, polynucleotides (phosphate, 5 c sugar- deoxyribose, ribose, nitrogen base - thymine (dna), uracil (RNA) | 37 | |
| 13538594338 | functional groups | phosphate, amino, carboxyl, hydroxyl | 38 | |
| 13538635252 | first law of thermodynamics | energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed | 39 | |
| 13538636990 | second law of thermodynamics | during energy conversion, the universe becomes more disordered (entropy increases) | 40 | |
| 13538647540 | Gibb's free energy | how much energy is is available to do work within the cell | 41 | |
| 13538654597 | exergonic | exothermic, release of energy, -G | 42 | |
| 13538656026 | endergonic | endothermic, absorbtion of energy, +G | 43 | |
| 13538665288 | Exergonic reactions | power the endergonic | 44 | |
| 13538668597 | catabolism | breakdown of molecules | 45 | |
| 13538675645 | anabolism | buildup of molecules | 46 | |
| 13538731763 | transition state | reactive, unstable, condition of the substrate after efficient energy has been absorbed | 47 | |
| 13595892412 | enzyme | globular proteins with tertiary structure, substrate specific, catalyze reactions in both directions, require assistance from cofactors and coenzymes | 48 | |
| 13595900516 | induced-fit model | Change in the shape of an enzyme's active site that enhances the fit between the active site and its substrate(s) | 49 | |
| 13595903362 | enzyme-substrate complex | When an enzyme binds to its substrate, it forms: | 50 | |
| 13595931837 | competitive inhibition | substance that resembles the normal substrate competes with the substrate for the active site | 51 | |
| 13595939923 | noncompetitive inhibition | inhibitor binds elsewhere on the enzyme; alters active site so that the substrate cannot bind, allosteric enzymes | 52 | |
| 13595954131 | feedback inhibition | A method of metabolic control in which the end product of a metabolic pathway acts as an inhibitor of an enzyme within that pathway. | 53 | |
| 13595970237 | cooperativity | a form of allosteric regulation that can amplify enzyme activity | 54 |
