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| 13993037851 | Aneuploidy | Abnormal number of chromosomes. | 0 | |
| 13993040686 | Klinefelter's syndrome | male extra X;;;XXY | 1 | |
| 13993048805 | Turner's syndrome | female with only 1 X | 2 | |
| 13993057708 | XYY | male extra Y | 3 | |
| 13993139815 | SRY gene | on the Y chromosome initiates testes development/ "maleness"; female is "default" in humans (X chromosome does have genes that regulate female development) | 4 | |
| 13993147023 | Gonads begin development | 5th week as gonadal ridges | 5 | |
| 13993156386 | Effects pregnancy has on mother | Increase in progesterone/estrogen → nausea & morning sickness Increase in urine output because of an increase in wastes and pressure on the bladder Increase in tidal volume and dyspnea (difficult breathing) may occur later in pregnancy Use of lipids/proteins instead of glucose for metabolism → glucose for baby, but can cause gestational diabetes Increase in blood volume, but a decrease in BP due to widespread vasodilation; varicose veins common Increase in cardiac output & GFR; decrease in plasma osmolality → potential anemia (decrease Hct) Reproductive organs become engorged with blood & breasts enlarge and areolas darken Increase in skin pigmentation → chloasma ("pregnancy mask") Weight gain of ~13 kg (28 lbs) on average Relaxin causes pelvic ligaments and the pubic symphysis to relax to ease birth passage | 6 | |
| 13993164923 | Chorion | encloses all other layers; composed of trophoblast and extraembryonic mesoderm | 7 | |
| 13993169941 | Amnion | innermost membrane that contains the amniotic fluid; provides buoyancy and thermoregulation | 8 | |
| 13993177362 | Yolk sac | first site of RBC formation; integrates with the gut | 9 | |
| 13993185286 | Allantois | base of the umbilical cord; integrates with the bladder | 10 | |
| 13993190280 | Umbilical cord | includes embryonic connective tissue, 1 umbilical vein, and 2 umbilical arteries | 11 | |
| 13993195504 | Egg passage | Ovary-> fimbriae-> uterine/fallopian tube-> uterus | 12 | |
| 13993200702 | Ampulla | distal expansion with infundibulum (expansion) near ovary; usual site of fertilization | 13 | |
| 13993269245 | Leydig cells | Male reproductive system Interstitial (leydig) cells outside the seminiferous tubules produce androgens | 14 | |
| 13993279579 | the location where the fertilized zygote implants | Endometrium | 15 | |
| 13993290500 | Mittelschmerz: | twinge of pain sometimes felt at ovulation | 16 | |
| 13993297151 | Luteal Phase | period of activity of the corpus luteum | 17 | |
| 13993316373 | Phase 1: Zygote Phase 2: 2 Blastomeres at 36 hours with continued division Phase 3: Morula- solid ball of about 16 cells at 72 hrs Phase 4: Blastocyst- fluid filled ball of cells at day 3 to 4, inner cell mass becomes conceptus and trophoblast lies superficially; reaches uterus for implantation | 18 | ||
| 13993321786 | Fraternal twins | If more than 1 secondary oocyte is released from the ovaries AND is fertilized by sperm | 19 | |
| 13993332532 | Sustentacular (sertoli) cells | large supportive cells that extend through the wall of the tubule and surround developing cells to provide nutrients and signals to developing cells, dispose of excess cytoplasm sloughed off during spermatogenesis, & secrete testicular fluid into lumen for transport of sperm; tight junctions that form the blood/testis barrier (prevent antigens from escaping) divide the wall into two components | 20 |
