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| 5768664337 | Carthage | A major empire in the western Mediterranean; fought the Punic wars with Rome for Mediterranean dominance; defeated and destroyed by the Romans | 0 | |
| 5768674589 | Byzantine | Eastern half of the Roman Empire; survived until 1453; retained Mediterranean, especially Hellenistic culture. | 1 | |
| 5768697155 | Justinian | Most famous Byzantine emperor who simplified Roman laws with Justinian's Code, and built the Hagia Sophia. His reign was a turning point for Christianity: paganism finally lost. He tried to restore territories to the Western Roman Empire but ultimately failed. | 2 | |
| 5768717464 | Republic | The balanced political system of Rome from circa 510 to 47 B.C.E; featured an aristocristicsenate, a panel of magistrates, and popular assemblies. | 3 | |
| 5768728310 | Legalism | The belief that all people except the emperor were morally corrupt, so all people had to be ruled very strictly, and harsh punishments were needed to keep everyone inline. | 4 | |
| 5768750596 | Brahmins | Highest care in the Hindu social hierarchy. Refers to priests. | 5 | |
| 5768756858 | Daoism | Chances philosophy that believes the the world is always changing you should deviate as little as possible from the Dao, or "path" of nature | 6 | |
| 5768766205 | Vedas | Sacred texts in the HIndu religion | 7 | |
| 5768782865 | Siddhartha | Hindu prince whose pursuit of the source of suffering gave rise to the Buddhist religion | 8 | |
| 5768790531 | Lao Zi | Encouraged people to give up worldly desires in favor of nature; he founded Taoism (Daoism) | 9 | |
| 5768802581 | Ashoka | Maurya emperor famous for conquering India by military force and then converting to Buddhism | 10 | |
| 5768814227 | Dar al-Islam | Refers to the land of Islam, or the territories in which Islam and it's religious laws may be freely practiced | 11 | |
| 5768822017 | Umayyad | Clan/tribe that dominated Mecca: later an Islamic dynasty (first Muslim dynasty) | 12 | |
| 5768828445 | Pastoral nomads | Any of the many peoples from the steppes of Asia that herded animals: use of gunpowder ended them. | 13 | |
| 5768840004 | Ali | Cousin and son-in-law of Muhammed; one of the orthodox caliphs; focus for the development of Shi'a Islam | 14 | |
| 5768844406 | Socrates | Athenian philosopher of the late 5th century B.C.E; usually seen as the father of western philosophy | 15 | |
| 5768850287 | Hajj | Pilgrimage to Mecca; one of the Five Pillars of Islam | 16 | |
| 5768854792 | Slavs | Indo-European peoples who ultimately dominated much of Easter Europ; formed regional kingdoms by the 5th century C.E., and formed the cultural base for future Russian people's | 17 | |
| 5768864037 | Hijra | The flight of Muhammed from Mecca to Medina to escape persecution a.d. 622; regarded as the beginning of the Muslim Era | 18 | |
| 5768874947 | Caste system | India's social hierarchy. It was almost impossible to rise above the hierarchical level where you were born. | 19 | |
| 5768881915 | Sui | Dynasty who rest abolished unity in China after the era of Three Kings. Succeeded the Han, and grew from strong rulers in northern China. Famous for building the Grand Canal. | 20 | |
| 5768888777 | Caliph | The successor to Muhammad as head of the Islamic community, religious king | 21 | |
| 5768893500 | Sunni | Followers of the majority interpretation with Islam: included the Umayyads | 22 | |
| 5768897890 | Umma | Community of the faithful within Islam | 23 | |
| 5768903492 | Qur'an | The word of God as revealed through Muhammed; made into the holy book of Islam; "recitations of God" | 24 | |
| 5768908140 | Tribute Sytstem | The traditional Chinese system for managing foreign relations. It established the rules and the means by which foreign people's entered and conducted their relations with China | 25 | |
| 5768917100 | Zoroastrianism | Persian monotheistic religion that saw material existence as a battle between the forces of good and evil | 26 | |
| 5768926447 | The Grand Canal | The 1,100- mile (1,700-kilometer) waterway linking the Yellow and Yangzi Rivers. It was begun in the Han period and completed during the Sui Empire | 27 | |
| 5768936187 | Alexander the Great | Son and successor of King Pbhilip II; conquered Persian Empire and advanced to borders of India; attempted to combine Greerk and Persian culture | 28 | |
| 5768943119 | Mandate of Heaven | The divine source for political legitimacy of Chinese rulers; established by Zhou to justify overthrow of Shang. If a dynasty "holds it" their rule is blessed and legitimized from Heaven. | 29 | |
| 5768950780 | Wudi | Most important Han Emperor. Expanded the Empire in all directions. Created the Civil Service System | 30 | |
| 5768960644 | Bedouins | Nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula with a culture based on herding camels and goats; most valuable animals were horse, camels, and goats | 31 | |
| 5768968100 | Hinduism | Lacks a unified system of beliefs and ideas, but represents a broad spectrum of beliefs and practices, and is very flexible. Believes in re-incarnation(rebirth), karma (determined how you were reincarnated), dharma, and moksha. | 32 | |
| 5768982150 | Xiongnu | Nomadic pastoral people that formed a confederation on China's norther border, and interacted with the Han dynasty as equals. Theories aboun d that they are the ancestors of future Mongo, Turkic, or Hun people's. | 33 | |
| 5769067359 | Constantine | Roman emperor (321-337 C.E.); established his capital at Constantinople; used Christianity to unify the empire. | 34 | |
| 5769072703 | Charlemagne | Emperor of the Carolingians. Famous military leader, improved life, established order, supported education and culture. Unite all Christianity in the year 800 C.E., was crowned Holy Roman Emperor by the Pope | 35 | |
| 5769081938 | Tang | Considered the golden age of Chinese civilization and ruled for nearly 300 years; China grew under the dynasty to include much of eastern Asia, as well as large parts of Central Asia | 36 | |
| 5769090173 | Jizya | Tax paid by all non-Muslims in Islamic lands (CHristians, Jews, etc) | 37 | |
| 5769095186 | Octavian | Later took the name of Augustus; Julius Caesar's grandnephew and adopted son; defeated conservative senators after Caesar's assassination; became first Roman emperor. | 38 | |
| 5769104590 | Shihuangdi | The first person to unite China under a single heavy handed legalistic rule. Due to this harsh treatment of Chinese people, his dynasty (Qin) lost the Mandate of Heavena den passed it to the Han. Started the Great Wall | 39 | |
| 5769129590 | Abbasids | Dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads in 750; moved the capital from Damascus to Baghdad | 40 | |
| 5769135568 | Hellenism | Culture derived from the Greek civilization that flourished between 800 and 400 B.C.E. | 41 | |
| 5769140428 | Mecca | Arabian commercial center; the home of Muhammed and the future religious center of Islam | 42 | |
| 5769146198 | Axum | An empire in the Ehoiopian highlands; received influences for the Arabian peninsula; converted to Christianity; later part of Ethopia | 43 | |
| 5769154018 | Ka'baa | Revered pre-Islamic shrine in Mecca; incorporated into Muslim worship; most holy place in Islam; Muslims believed that Abraham built it | 44 | |
| 5769159603 | Mahayana | Version of Buddhism popular in China; emphasized Buddha's role as a savior | 45 | |
| 5769163128 | Persian Wars | 5th century B.C. E. Wars between the Persian Empire and Greek city-states; Greek victories allowed Greek civilization to define identity | 46 | |
| 5769172412 | Filial Piety | Confucianism principle that teaches that children should obey and honor their parents as well as other superiors and political authorities | 47 |
