Terms : Hide Images
| 4812143236 | Abdominal cavity | Superior portion of the abdominopelvic cavity that contains the stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, most of the small intestine, and part of the large intestine | 0 | |
| 4812146411 | Abdominopelvic cavity | A cavity inferior to the diaphragm that is subdivided into a superior abdominal cavity and an inferior pelvic cavity. | 1 | |
| 4812150091 | Active transport | The movement of substances across cell membranes against a concentration gradient, requiring the expenditure of cellular energy (ATP). | 2 | |
| 4812153815 | Anabolism | Synthetic, energy-requiring reactions whereby small molecules are built up into larger ones. | 3 | |
| 4812159858 | Anaphase | The third stage of mitosis in which the chromatids that have separated at the centromeres move to opposite poles of the cell. | 4 | |
| 4812163536 | Anaplasia | The loss of tissue differentiation and function that is characteristic of most malignancies. | 5 | |
| 4812166747 | Anatomical position | A position of the body universally used in anatomical descriptions in which the body is erect, the head is level, the eyes face forward, the upper limbs are at the sides, the palms face forward, and the feet are flat on the floor. | 6 | |
| 4812168759 | Anatomy | The structure or study of the structure of the body and the relation of its parts to each other. | 7 | |
| 4812171286 | Angiogenesis | The formation of blood vessels in the extraembryonic mesoderm of the yolk sac, connecting stalk, and chorion at the beginning of the third week of development. | 8 | |
| 4812175744 | Apoptosis | Programmed cell death; a normal type of cell death that removes unneeded cells during embryological development, regulates the number of cells in tissues, and eliminates many potentially dangerous cells such as cancer cells. | 9 | |
| 4812203977 | Aqueous humor | The watery fluid, similar in composition to cerebrospinal fluid, that fills the anterior cavity of the eye. | 10 | |
| 4812206878 | Atoms | Unit of matter that makes up a chemical element; consists of a nucleus (containing positively charged protons and uncharged neutrons) and negatively charged electrons that orbit the nucleus. | 11 | |
| 4812224765 | Atrophy | A decrease in the size of cells, with a subsequent decrease in the size of the affected tissue or organ; wasting away. | 12 | |
| 4812228583 | Auscultation | Examination by listening to sounds in the body. | 13 | |
| 4812231801 | Autolysis | Self-destruction of cells by their own lysosomal digestive enzymes after death or in a pathological process. | 14 | |
| 4812240202 | Autophagy | Process by which worn-out organelles are digested within lysosomes. | 15 | |
| 4812253497 | Autopsy | The examination of the body after death. | 16 | |
| 4812256706 | Blood plasma | Extracellular fluid within blood vessels. | 17 | |
| 4812259472 | Body cavities | A space within the body that contains various internal organs. | 18 | |
| 4812261451 | Bulk-phase endocytosis | A process by which most body cells can ingest membrane-surrounded droplets of interstitial fluid. | 19 | |
| 4812264688 | Cancer | A group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled or abnormal cell division. | 20 | |
| 4812266363 | Catabolism | Chemical reactions that break down complex organic compounds into simple ones, with the net release of energy. | 21 | |
| 4812269101 | Cell biology | The study of cellular structure and function. Also called cytology. | 22 | |
| 4812277778 | Cell cycle | Growth and division of a single cell into two identical cells; consists of interphase and cell division. | 23 | |
| 4812280036 | Cell division | Process by which a cell reproduces itself that consists of a nuclear division (mitosis) and a cytoplasmic division (cytokinesis); types include somatic and reproductive. | 24 | |
| 4812282233 | Cells | The basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; the smallest structure capable of performing all the activities vital to life. | 25 | |
| 4812284053 | Centrioles | Paired, cylindrical structures of a centrosome, each consisting of a ring of microtubules and arranged at right angles to each other | 26 | |
| 4812285884 | Centromere | The constricted portion of a chromosome where the two chromatids are joined; serves as the point of attachment for the microtubules that pull chromatids during anaphase of cell division. | 27 | |
| 4812288721 | Centrosome | A dense network of small protein fibers near the nucleus of a cell, containing a pair of centrioles and pericentriolar material. | 28 | |
| 4812290708 | Cerebrospinal fluid | A fluid produced by ependymal cells that cover choroid plexuses in the ventricles of the brain; the fluid circulates in the ventricles, the central canal, and the subarachnoid space around the brain and spinal cord. | 29 | |
| 4812292420 | Cholesterol | Classified as a lipid, the most abundant steroid in animal tissues; located in cell membranes and used for the synthesis of steroid hormones and bile salts. | 30 | |
| 4812295268 | Chromatids | One of a pair of identical connected nucleoprotein strands that are joined at the centromere and separate during cell division, each becoming a chromosome of one of the two daughter cells. | 31 | |
| 4812307969 | Chromosome | One of the small, threadlike structures in the nucleus of a cell, normally 46 in a human diploid cell, that bears the genetic material; composed of DNA and proteins (histones) that form a delicate chromatin thread during interphase; becomes packaged into compact rodlike structures that are visible under the light microscope during cell division. | 32 | |
| 4812311956 | Cilia | A hair or hairlike process projecting from a cell that may be used to move the entire cell or to move substances along the surface of the cell. | 33 | |
| 4812412999 | Control center | Part of a feedback system that sets the range of values within which a controlled condition should be maintained, evaluates input from receptors, and generates output commands. | 34 | |
| 4812415152 | Cranial cavity | A subdivision of the dorsal body cavity formed by the cranial bones and containing the brain. | 35 | |
| 4812417933 | Crossing-over | The exchange of a portion of one chromatid with another during meiosis. It permits an exchange of genes among chromatids and is one factor that results in genetic variation of progeny. | 36 | |
| 4812420940 | Cytokinesis | Distribution of the cytoplasm into two separate cells during cell division; coordinated with nuclear division (mitosis). | 37 | |
| 4812423861 | Cytoplasm | Cytosol plus all organelles except the nucleus. | 38 | |
| 4812426102 | Cytoskeleton | Complex internal structure of cytoplasm consisting of microfilaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments. | 39 | |
| 4812428668 | Cytosol | Semifluid portion of cytoplasm in which organelles and inclusions are suspended and solutes are dissolved. Also called intracellular fluid. | 40 | |
| 4812431159 | Diagnosis | Distinguishing one disease from another or determining the nature of a disease from signs and symptoms by inspection, palpation, laboratory tests, and other means. | 41 | |
| 4812433332 | Diaphragm | Any partition that separates one area from another, especially the dome-shaped skeletal muscle between the thoracic and abdominal cavities. Also a dome-shaped device that is placed over the cervix, usually with a spermicide, to prevent conception. | 42 | |
| 4812441067 | Differentiation | The development of a cell from an unspecialized state to a specialized state. | 43 | |
| 4812444534 | Diffusion | A passive process in which there is a net or greater movement of molecules or ions from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration until equilibrium is reached. | 44 | |
| 4812447002 | Disease | An illness characterized by a recognizable set of signs and symptoms. | 45 | |
| 4812449684 | Dysplasia | Alteration in the size, shape, and organization of cells due to chronic irritation or inflammation. | 46 | |
| 4812451378 | Effector | An organ of the body, either a muscle or a gland, that is innervated by somatic or autonomic motor neurons. | 47 | |
| 4812453413 | Endocytosis | The uptake into a cell of large molecules and particles by vesicles formed from the plasma membrane. | 48 | |
| 4812456867 | Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) | A network of channels running through the cytoplasm of a cell that serves in intracellular transportation, support, storage, synthesis, and packaging of molecules. | 49 | |
| 4812460928 | Enzymes | A substance that accelerates chemical reactions; an organic catalyst, usually a protein. | 50 | |
| 4812462434 | Epidemiology | Study of the occurrence and transmission of diseases and disorders in human populations. | 51 | |
| 4812468189 | Exocytosis | A process in which membrane-enclosed secretory vesicles form inside the cell, fuse with the plasma membrane, and release their contents into the interstitial fluid; achieves secretion of materials from a cell. | 52 | |
| 4812471317 | Extracellular fluid | Fluid outside body cells, such as interstitial fluid and plasma. | 53 | |
| 4812473779 | Feedback system | Cycle of events in which the status of a body condition is monitored, evaluated, changed, remonitored, and reevaluated. | 54 | |
| 4812477171 | Flagella | A hairlike, motile process on the extremity of a bacterium, protozoan, or sperm cell. | 55 | |
| 4812480084 | Frontal | A plane at a right angle to a midsagittal plane that divides the body or organs into anterior and posterior portions. Also called a coronal (kō-RŌ-nal) plane. | 56 | |
| 4812481811 | Genes | Biological unit of heredity; a segment of DNA located in a definite position on a particular chromosome; a sequence of DNA that codes for a particular mRNA, rRNA, or tRNA. | 57 | |
| 4812486584 | Genome | The complete set of genes of an organism. | 58 | |
| 4812490188 | Geriatrics | The branch of medicine devoted to the medical problems and care of elderly persons. | 59 | |
| 4812492999 | Germ cell | A gamete (sperm or oocyte) or any precursor cell destined to become a gamete. | 60 | |
| 4812496218 | Golgi complex | An organelle in the cytoplasm of cells consisting of four to six flattened sacs (cisternae), stacked on one another, with expanded areas at their ends; functions in processing, sorting, packaging, and delivering proteins and lipids to the plasma membrane, lysosomes, and secretory vesicles. | 61 | |
| 4812499306 | Growth | An increase in size due to an increase in (1) the number of cells, (2) the size of existing cells as internal components increase in size, or (3) the size of intercellular substances. | 62 | |
| 4812502063 | Haploid (N) cells | Having half the number of chromosomes characteristically found in the somatic cells of an organism; characteristic of mature gametes. | 63 | |
| 4812506771 | Head | The superior part of a human, cephalic to the neck. The superior or proximal part of a structure. | 64 | |
| 4812510434 | Hemolysis | The escape of hemoglobin from the interior of a red blood cell into the surrounding medium; results from disruption of the cell membrane by toxins or drugs, freezing or thawing, or hypotonic solutions. | 65 | |
| 4812513119 | Homeostasis | The condition in which the body's internal environment remains relatively constant within physiological limits. | 66 | |
| 4812519682 | Homologous chromosomes | Two chromosomes that belong to a pair. | 67 | |
| 4812529788 | Hypertonic solution | Solution that causes cells to shrink due to loss of water by osmosis. | 68 | |
| 4812533413 | Hypotonic solution | Solution that causes cells to swell and perhaps rupture due to gain of water by osmosis. | 69 | |
| 4812535658 | Inferior | Away from the head or toward the lower part of a structure. Also called caudal (KAW-dal). | 70 | |
| 4812537826 | Intermediate filaments | Protein filament, ranging from 8 to 12 nm in diameter, that may provide structural reinforcement, hold organelles in place, and give shape to a cell. | 71 | |
| 4812557944 | Interphase | The period of the cell cycle between cell divisions, consisting of the G1 (gap or growth) phase, when the cell is engaged in growth, metabolism, and production of substances required for division; S (synthesis) phase, during which chromosomes are replicated; and G2 phase. | 72 | |
| 4812560730 | Interstitial fluid | The portion of extracellular fluid that fills the microscopic spaces between the cells of tissues; the internal environment of the body. Also called intercellular or tissue fluid | 73 | |
| 4812563460 | Intracellular fluid | Fluid located within cells. | 74 | |
| 4812565768 | Isotonic solution | A solution having the same concentration of impermeable solutes as cytosol. | 75 | |
| 4812570723 | Ligand | A chemical substance that binds to a specific receptor. | 76 | |
| 4812572709 | Lipid bilayer | Arrangement of phospholipid, glycolipid, and cholesterol molecules in two parallel sheets in which the hydrophilic "heads" face outward and the hydrophobic "tails" face inward; found in cellular membranes. | 77 | |
| 4812578786 | Lysosomes | An organelle in the cytoplasm of a cell, enclosed by a single membrane and containing powerful digestive enzymes. | 78 | |
| 4812580885 | Median plane | A vertical plane dividing the body into right and left halves. Situated in the middle. | 79 | |
| 4812583751 | Mediastinum | The broad, median partition between the pleurae of the lungs that extends from the sternum to the vertebral column in the thoracic cavity. | 80 | |
| 4812585563 | Meiosis | A type of cell division that occurs during production of gametes, involving two successive nuclear divisions that result in cells with the haploid (n) number of chromosomes. | 81 | |
| 4812587368 | Membrane | A thin, pliable tissue that covers, lines, partitions, or connects structures | 82 | |
| 4812590270 | Meninges | Three membranes covering the brain and spinal cord, called the dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater. | 83 | |
| 4812592432 | Metabolism | All the biochemical reactions that occur within an organism, including the synthetic (anabolic) reactions and decomposition (catabolic) reactions. | 84 | |
| 4812595200 | Metaphase | The second stage of mitosis, in which chromatid pairs line up on the metaphase plate of the cell. | 85 | |
| 4812599176 | Metaplasia | The transformation of one type of cell into another. | 86 | |
| 4812599177 | Microtubules | Cylindrical protein filament, from 18 to 30 nm in diameter, consisting of the protein tubulin; provides support, structure, and transportation. | 87 | |
| 4812600916 | Microvilli | Microscopic, fingerlike projections of the plasma membranes of cells that increase surface area for absorption, especially in the small intestine and proximal convoluted tubules of the kidneys. | 88 | |
| 4812600917 | Midline | An imaginary vertical line that divides the body into equal left and right sides. | 89 | |
| 4812604552 | Midsagittal plane | A vertical plane through the midline of the body that divides the body or organs into equal right and left sides. Also called a median plane. | 90 | |
| 4812605601 | Mitochondria | A double membraned organelle that plays a central role in the production of ATP; known as the "powerhouse" of the cell. | 91 | |
| 4812607794 | Mitosis | The orderly division of the nucleus of a cell that ensures that each new nucleus has the same number and kind of chromosomes as the original nucleus. The process includes the replication of chromosomes and the distribution of the two sets of chromosomes into two separate and equal nuclei. | 92 | |
| 4812610018 | Molecules | Two or more atoms joined together. | 93 | |
| 4812611084 | Neck | The part of the body connecting the head and the trunk. A constricted portion of an organ. | 94 | |
| 4812612600 | Negative feedback system | A feedback system that reverses a change in a controlled condition. | 95 | |
| 4812613746 | Nucleoli | Spherical bodies within a cell nucleus composed of protein, DNA, and RNA that are the sites of the assembly of small and large ribosomal subunits. | 96 | |
| 4812616548 | Nucleosome | Structural subunit of a chromosome consisting of histones and DNA. | 97 | |
| 4812617502 | Nucleus | A spherical or oval organelle of a cell that contains the hereditary factors of the cell, called genes. A cluster of unmyelinated nerve cell bodies in the central nervous system. The central part of an atom made up of protons and neutrons. | 98 | |
| 4812618464 | Oblique plane | A plane that passes through the body or an organ at an angle between the transverse plane and either the midsagittal, parasagittal, or frontal plane. | 99 | |
| 4812620968 | Organelles | A permanent structure within a cell with characteristic morphology that is specialized to serve a specific function in cellular activities. | 100 | |
| 4812623715 | Organism . | A total living form; one individual | 101 | |
| 4812623716 | Organs | A structure composed of two or more different kinds of tissues with a specific function and usually a recognizable shape. | 102 | |
| 4812625850 | Osmosis | The net movement of water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane from an area of higher water concentration to an area of lower water concentration until equilibrium is reached. | 103 | |
| 4812625851 | Parasagittal plane | A vertical plane that does not pass through the midline and that divides the body or organs into unequal left and right portions. | 104 | |
| 4812627177 | Pelvic cavity | Inferior portion of the abdominopelvic cavity that contains the urinary bladder, sigmoid colon, rectum, and internal female and male reproductive structures. | 105 | |
| 4812629618 | Pericardial cavity | Small potential space between the visceral and parietal layers of the serous pericardium that contains pericardial fluid. | 106 | |
| 4812629619 | Pericardium | A loose-fitting membrane that encloses the heart, consisting of a superficial fibrous layer and a deep serous layer. | 107 | |
| 4812631373 | Peritoneum | The largest serous membrane of the body that lines the abdominal cavity and covers the viscera within it. | 108 | |
| 4812632696 | Peroxisomes | Organelle similar in structure to a lysosome that contains enzymes that use molecular oxygen to oxidize various organic compounds; such reactions produce hydrogen peroxide; abundant in liver cells. | 109 | |
| 4812632818 | Phagocytes | Body cells that engulf large solid particles. | 110 | |
| 4812634979 | Phagocytosis | The process by which phagocytes ingest and destroy microbes, cell debris, and other foreign matter. | 111 | |
| 4812636427 | 1 Physiology | Science that deals with the functions of an organism or its parts. | 112 | |
| 4812637331 | Plasma membrane | Outer, limiting membrane that separates the cell's internal parts from extracellular fluid or the external environment. | 113 | |
| 4812637395 | Pleura | The serous membrane that covers the lungs and lines the walls of the chest and the diaphragm. | 114 | |
| 4812639394 | Pleural cavities | Small potential space between the visceral and parietal pleurae. | 115 | |
| 4812639441 | Positive feedback system | Feedback system that strengthens a change in one of the body's controlled conditions. | 116 | |
| 4812642017 | Prophase | The first stage of mitosis during which chromatid pairs are formed and aggregate around the metaphase plate of the cell. | 117 | |
| 4812644354 | Proteasomes | Tiny cellular organelle in cytosol and nucleus containing proteases that destroy unneeded, damaged, or faulty proteins. | 118 | |
| 4812647005 | Proteomics | The study of the proteome (all of an organism's proteins) in order to identify all of the proteins produced; it involves determining the three-dimensional structure of proteins so that drugs can be designed to alter protein activity to help in the treatment and diagnosis of disease. | 119 | |
| 4812648071 | Proto-oncogenes | Gene responsible for some aspect of normal growth and development; it may transform into an oncogene, a gene capable of causing cancer. | 120 | |
| 4812650739 | Receptor | A specialized cell or a distal portion of a neuron that responds to a specific sensory modality, such as touch, pressure, cold, light, or sound, and converts it to an electrical signal (generator or receptor potential). A specific molecule or cluster of molecules that recognizes and binds a particular ligand. | 121 | |
| 4812652742 | Receptor-mediated endocytosis | A highly selective process whereby cells take up specific ligands, which usually are large molecules or particles, by enveloping them within a sac of plasma membrane. | 122 | |
| 4812654850 | Reproduction | The formation of new cells for growth, repair, or replacement; the production of a new individual. | 123 | |
| 4812656463 | Reproductive cell division | Type of cell division in which gametes (sperm and oocytes) are produced; consists of meiosis and cytokinesis | 124 | |
| 4812657131 | Ribosomes | A cellular structure in the cytoplasm of cells, composed of a small subunit and a large subunit that contain ribosomal RNA and ribosomal proteins; the site of protein synthesis. | 125 | |
| 4812659505 | Sagittal plane | A plane that divides the body or organs into left and right portions. | 126 | |
| 4812659506 | Selective permeability | The property of a membrane by which it permits the passage of certain substances but restricts the passage of others. | 127 | |
| 4812661397 | Serous membrane | A membrane that lines a body cavity that does not open to the exterior. The membrane that lines the pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal cavities. | 128 | |
| 4812662858 | Sex chromosomes | The twenty-third pair of chromosomes, designated X and Y, which determine the genetic sex of an individual; in males, the pair is XY; in females, XX. | 129 | |
| 4812664915 | Sodium-potassium pump | An active transport pump located in the plasma membrane that transports sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell at the expense of cellular ATP. It functions to keep the ionic concentrations of these ions at physiological levels. Also called the Na+-K+ ATPase. | 130 | |
| 4812666805 | Superior | Toward the head or upper part of a structure. Also called cephalic or cranial. | 131 | |
| 4812668820 | Synapsis | The pairing of homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis. | 132 | |
| 4812671593 | System | An association of organs that have a common function. | 133 | |
| 4812671594 | Telophase | The final stage of mitosis. | 134 | |
| 4812672855 | Thoracic cavity | Cavity superior to the diaphragm that contains two pleural cavities, the mediastinum, and the pericardial cavity. | 135 | |
| 4812672903 | Tissues | A group of similar cells and their intercellular substance joined together to perform a specific function. | 136 | |
| 4812675878 | Transverse plane | A plane that divides the body or organs into superior and inferior portions. Also called a cross-sectional or horizontal plane. | 137 | |
| 4812676894 | Trunk | The part of the body to which the upper and lower limbs are attached. | 138 | |
| 4812678808 | Vertebral (spinal) canal | A cavity within the vertebral column formed by the vertebral foramina of all the vertebrae and containing the spinal cord. | 139 |
