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| 8029646043 | Mechanoreceptors | activated by mechanical stimuli that changes the position of the receptor | 0 | |
| 8029648413 | Thermoreceptors | activated by change of temperature | 1 | |
| 8029653030 | Photoreceptors | found only in eye; respond to light stimuli | 2 | |
| 8029655337 | Chemoreceptors | activated by changing concentration of certain chemicals in solution | 3 | |
| 8029658014 | Nociceptors | activated by intense stimuli that result in tissue damage resulting in pain | 4 | |
| 8029659770 | Exteroceptors | changes external to body (touch, pressure, pain, temperature & most of special senses such as vision, hearing, equilibrium, taste & smell) | 5 | |
| 8029666907 | Interoceptors (visceroceptors) | internal viscera & blood vessels (chemical changes, tissue stretch & temperature) | 6 | |
| 8029671304 | Proprioceptors | internal stimuli (skeletal muscles, tendons, joints & ligaments as well as connective tissue coverings of bones & muscles) | 7 | |
| 8029674857 | Complex receptors | collection of cells (sense organs) working together a) Examples: special senses (vision, hearing, smell, taste) | 8 | |
| 8029680610 | Simple receptors | modified dendritic endings of sensory neurons involved with general senses (tactile, temperature, pain, posit ion) a) Nonencapsulated dendritic endings: no connective tissue covering | 9 | |
| 8029687619 | Nonencapsulated Free nerve endings | thermo receptors & nociceptors (pain) in epithelial & connective tissues | 10 | |
| 8029693139 | Itch receptor | thin diameter receptor in dermis responding to histamine or bradykinin present at inflamed sites | 11 | |
| 8029696658 | Tactile (Merkel) discs | mechanoreceptors (light touch & pressure) in epidermis | 12 | |
| 8029700978 | Hair follicle receptors | mechanoreceptors (light touch which quickly adapts) around base of hair follicle | 13 | |
| 8029733174 | Meissner's (tactile) corpuscles | mechanoreceptors (light touch, texture & low-frequency vibration) in dermal papilla of hairless skin areas | 14 | |
| 8029827811 | Pacinian (lamellated) corpuscles | mechanoreceptors (deep pressure, stretch & high-frequency vibration) in dermis of skin & subcutaneous tissue underlying the ski | 15 | |
| 8029832053 | Bulbous Corpuscles or Ruffini endings | respond to deep & continuous pressure located in dermis, subcutaneous tissue & joint capsules | 16 | |
| 8029836080 | Muscle spindles | proprioceptor (stretch) in skeletal muscles near tendon detect muscle stretch | 17 | |
| 8029840073 | Tendon organs | proprioceptor (stretch) in articular capsules enclosing synovial joints | 18 | |
| 8029846574 | Joint kinesthetic receptors | proprioceptor (stretch) in articular capsules enclosing synovial joints | 19 | |
| 8029856061 | Receptor level processing | A. Receptor level processing: sequential steps occurring at sensory receptor 1. Specificity: recognize specific stimulus energy 2. Receptive field: stimulus must be applied within particular area monitored by receptor 3. Stimulus energy converted to a graded (receptor) potential: process of transduction to an action potential (generator potential) in afferent fiber 4. Attainment of threshold voltage: open voltage-gated sodium channels 5. Adaptation: change in sensitivity in presence of constant stimulus | 20 | |
| 8029862639 | Phasic receptors | fast adapting | 21 | |
| 8029866639 | Tonic receptors | sustained response wit h little to no adaption | 22 | |
| 8029917274 | Circuit level processing | ascending pathways to appropriate regions of cerebral cortex for stimulus localization & perception 1. First-order neuron: impulses from receptor cell body in dorsal root or cranial ganglion => spinal cord or brain stem 2. Second-order neuron: cell bodies (dorsal horn of spinal cord or in medullary nuclei) thalamus or cerebellum 3. Third-order neuron: cell bodies in thalamus => somatosensory cortex of cerebrum (postcentral gyms) C. Perceptual level processing: phenomenon of projection | 23 | |
| 8029925120 | Perceptual level processing | phenomenon of projection 1. Perceptual detection: detect that a stimulus has occurred 2. Magnitude estimation: ability to detect how intense the stimulus is 3. Spatial discrimination: identify site or pattern of stimulation i.e. two point discrimination 4. Feature abstraction: detect features or characteristics of object from stimulus properties 5. Quality discrimination: ability to differentiate submodalities of a particular sensation (taste differences) 6. Pattern recognition: ability to recognize familiar or unfamiliar pattern from stimulus input | 24 | |
| 8029932068 | Perception of Pain | pain is invaluable because it warns us of actual or impending tissue damage and motivates us to take protective action 1. Sharp pain: carried on smallest of mylinated sensory fibers (A delta fibers) 2. Burning pain: carried on small non-mylinated fibers (C fibers) 3. Example of sharp & burning pain: cut finger sharp pain felt first followed by burning pain 4. Pain Tolerance: level of pain we can tolerate; all have similar pain threshold, but tolerance is individual | 25 | |
| 8029946932 | Visceral Pain | from noxious stimulation of receptors in organs of thorax & abdominal cavity | 26 | |
| 8029950610 | Referred Pain | pain arising from one part of body is perceived as coming from another part; visceral pain afferents travel along the same pathway as somatic pain fibers which helps to explain referred pain | 27 | |
| 8029954417 | Endoneurium | delicate layer of connective tissue surrounding each nerve fiber | 28 | |
| 8029955746 | Perineurium | coarser layer of connective tissue holding together fascicles (bundles of nerve fibers) | 29 | |
| 8029957994 | Epineurium | touch fibrous connective tissue surrounding numerous fascicles to form a nerve | 30 | |
| 8029963701 | Sensory (afferent) division | sensory signals from receptors CNS a) Somatic afferent: signals from receptors in skin, muscles, bones & joints b) Visceral afferent: signals from receptors of viscera of thoracic & abdominal cavities | 31 | |
| 8029969850 | Sympathetic division | increase activity of effectors | 32 | |
| 8029973152 | Parasympathetic division | decrease activity of effectors | 33 | |
| 8029977702 | Ganglia | cluster of neuron cell bodies in PNS with preganglionic & postganglionic fibers | 34 | |
| 8029980593 | Regeneration of nerve axons | mature neurons not capable of cell division 1. Nerve fibers repair: occurs if damage not extensive & cell body & neurilemma (regeneration tube) intact 2. CNS Axons: most never regenerate after injury; thus damage to brain or spinal cord is usually irreversible 3. PNS Axons: most can & will regenerate after injury as long as the cell body is undamaged & the two cut ends are not far apart | 35 | |
| 8030209121 | Oligodendrocytes | actively suppress CNS axon regeneration; they are studded with growth-inhibiting proteins causing growing end of axon to collapse | 36 | |
| 8030211162 | Astrocytes | form scar tissue at site of injury that blocks axon regrowth | 37 | |
| 8030219782 | Stages of axon repair | a) Degeneration: portions of axon & myelin sheath distal to injury site (Wallerian degeneration) b) Atrophy of skeletal muscle: no nervous connection c) Removal of debris: Schwann cells & macrophages engulf debris leaving neurilemma intact within the endoneurium d) Regeneration tube formation: surviving Schwann cells proliferate & form tunnel from point of injury to effector (1) Function: guide growing axon (1.5 mm/day) back to original destination e) Schwann Cells: secrete growth factors to stimulate axon growth; protects regenerating axon; forms new myelin sheath f) Axon "sprouts" appear: when one "sprout" reach tunnel, growth rate increases | 38 | |
| 8030223977 | Olfactory nerve (I) | Sensory 1. Origin: nasal olfactory mucosa receptor cells 2. Termination: fibers through cribriform plate => olfactory bulbs beneath frontal lobes => primary olfactory cortex 3. Function: sense of smell | 39 | |
| 8030228355 | Optic nerve (II) | Sensory 1. Origin: retina 2. Termination: optic nerve => optic tracts => thalamus (lateral geniculate) => visual cortex of occipital lobe 3. Function: vision | 40 | |
| 8030235059 | Oculornotor nerve (III) | motor "eye mover" 1. Origin: ventral midbrain (oculomotor nucleus) 2. Termination: a) Extrinsic eye muscles: inferior oblique, and, superior, inferior & medial rectus b) Upper eyelid muscle: levator palpebrae superioris c) Sphincter pupillae (circular muscle of iris) d) Ciliary muscles of ciliary body 3. Functions: a) Motor: raise eyelids & move eyes b) Parasympathetic fibers: adjust amount of light entering eyes & focus lens c) Proprioception: eye muscle position | 41 | |
| 8030240983 | Trochlear nerve (IV) | primarily motor "pulley" 1. Origin: dorsal midbrain 2. Termination: extrinsic eye muscle: superior oblique 3. Function: a) Motor move eye b) Proprioception: eye muscle position | 42 | |
| 8030246806 | Trigeminal nerve (V) | sensory & motor 1. Ophthalmic division: sensory a) Origin: face via superior orbital fissure b) Termination: pons c) Functions: sensory from skin of anterior scalp, upper eyelid & nose and from nasal cavity mucosa, cornea & lacrimal gland 2. Maxillary division: sensory a) Origin: face via foramen rotundum b) Termination: pons c) Functions: sensory from nasal cavity mucosa, palate, upper teeth, skin of cheek, upper lip, lower eyelid 3. Mandibular division: sensory & motor a) Origin: via foramen ovale (1) Sensory: face & tongue (2) Motor: pons (trifacial motor nucleus) b) Termination: (1) Sensory: pons (2) Motor: muscles of mastication c) Functions: (1) Sensory: impulses from anterior tongue (except taste buds), lower teeth, skin of chin, temporal region of scalp (2) Motor: motor fibers & proprioceptor fibers from muscles of mastication | 43 | |
| 8030251869 | Abducens (VI) | primarily motor 1. Origin: pons (nucleus on floor of 4th ventricle) 2. Termination: pons=>superior orbital fissure=>lateral rectus muscle 3. Functions: a) Motor: extrinsic eye muscle (lateral rectus) to abduct eye b) Proprioception: eye muscle position | 44 | |
| 8030259793 | Facial (VII) | sensory & motor 1. Origin: a) Sensory: taste buds b) Motor: pons 2. Pathway: a) Sensory: taste buds =>geniculate ganglion of pons b) Motor: pons => internal acoustic meatus of temporal bone => stylomastoid foramen => superficial muscles of face & scalp 3. Functions: a) Sensory: taste (anterior 2/3 of tongue) b) Motor: facial muscles of expression c) Parasympathetic: control of lacrimal glands, nasal & palatine glands, and submandibular & sublingual salivary glands | 45 | |
| 8030268327 | Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII) | sensory & motor 1. Cochlear division: a) Origin: organ of Corti in cochlea b) Pathway: receptors =>internal acoustic meatus=> vestibulocochlear nerve=>border of medulla & pons (cochlear nuclei) c) Function: sensory cells of cochlea for hearing 2. Vestibular division: a) Origin: semicircular canals & vestibule b) Pathway: receptors => internal acoustic meatus => vestibulocochlear nerve => pons & medulla (vestibular nucleus) c) Function: skeletal muscles to control balance for equilibrium | 46 | |
| 8030274763 | Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) | sensory & motor "tongue & pharynx" 1. Origin: a) Motor: medulla (nucleus ambiguus) b) Sensory Origin: (1) Pharynx: (2) Tongue: taste buds in posterior 1/3 tongue (3) Carotid sinus & carotid body: blood chemistry & pressure c) Pathway: medulla => via jugular foramen => throat (1) Motor: muscles of pharynx; parotid salivary gland (2) Sensory: enter cranium with vagus to medulla (nucleus solitarius; respiratory & vasomotor centers d) Functions: (1) Motor: swallowing; gag reflex; secretion of saliva (2) Sensory: taste, touch, pressure & pain from pharynx & posterior tongue; monitor blood gases (chemoreceptor in carotid body) & pressure (pressoreceptor in carotid sinus) (3) Parasympathetic: parotid salivary gland | 47 | |
| 8030279202 | Vagus nerve (X) | sensory & motor "wonderer" or "vagabond" 1. Origin: a) Motor: medulla b) Sensory: pharynx, larynx, carotid & aortic arch baroreceptors (blood pressure), thoracic viscera (trachea, heart, lungs, bronchi), abdominal viscera (stomach, small intestine, gallbladder), & carotid & aortic bodies (chemoreceptors for respiration) 2. Pathway: a) Motor: medulla => jugular foramen => descend through neck region into thorax & abdomen via vagal plexus to various visceral organs & muscles b) Sensory: thoracic & abdominal viscera, carotid sinus, carotid & aortic bodies & taste buds of posterior tongue & pharynx => medulla 3. Functions: sensory (90% of parasympathetic outflow) & motor of structures involved | 48 | |
| 8030285661 | Accessory nerve (Xl) | primarily motor 1. Origin: C1 - C5 spinal nerves 2. Pathway: a) Cranial root: medulla => jugular foramen => vagus => larynx, pharynx & soft palate b) Spinal root: C1 - C5 segments => foramen magnum => jugular foramen => stemocleidomastoid & trapezius muscles 3. Functions: a) Motor: larynx, pharynx & soft palate and trapezius & stemocleidomastoid muscles of shoulder, head & neck b) Proprioception: from same muscles | 49 | |
| 8030289458 | Hypoglossal (XII) | primarily motor "under the tongue" 1. Origin: medulla 2. Pathway: medulla => hypoglossal canal => tongue muscles 3. Functions: a) Motor: intrinsic & extrinsic tongue movements involving swallowing & speech b) Proprioception: from same muscles | 50 | |
| 8030299243 | Mixed nerves | contain both sensory & motor fibers | 51 | |
| 8030301371 | Roots | division of spinal nerve located within vertebral column connecting spinal nerves to spinal cord | 52 | |
| 8030303964 | Ventral root | motor (efferent) fibers from anterior horn motor neurons & autonomic nervous system efferent fibers from spinal cord | 53 | |
| 8030307219 | Dorsal root | sensory (afferent) fibers from dorsal root ganglia into spinal cord | 54 | |
| 8030314565 | Ramus division | a) Dorsal (posterior) ramus: mixed nerves for dorsal surface of body (posterior body trunk) b) Ventral (anterior) ramus: mixed nerves for ventral surface of body (anterior body trunk) c) Rami communicantes: autonomic (visceral) fibers at thoracic level connected to sympathetic chain ganglion d) Meningeal branch: reenters vertebral canal to innervate the meninges & blood vessels | 55 | |
| 8030353162 | Nerve plexus | all ventral rami (except T2 - Tl2) branch & join (anastomose) to form complex network of fibers (plexus = braid in Latin) a) Purpose: each muscle in a limb receives its nerve supply from more than one spinal nerve in order that damage to one spinal nerve does not mean complete loss of function in any one region | 56 | |
| 8030358128 | The back | each dorsal rami innervates specific muscle & skin on posterior body trunk | 57 | |
| 8030361378 | The anterolateral trunk & abdominal wall | a) Intercostal nerves: ventral rami of T2 - Tl2 b) Function: innervates intercostal muscles, some deep thorax muscles, & overlying skin | 58 | |
| 8030368727 | Cervical plexus and the neck | ventral rami of C1 - C5 a) Phrenic nerve: Input from C3 - C5 to supply motor & sensory fibers to diaphragm b) Function: innervates skin & muscles of head, neck, superior part of shoulders & chest | 59 | |
| 8030372255 | Brachial plexus and the upper limb | ventral rami of C5 - C8 & T1 (& sometimes C4 &/or T2 fibers) a) Groups of branches: (Really Tired Drink Coffee) (1) Roots: ventral rami of C5 - T1 (2) Trunks: roots unite to form upper, middle & lower trunks (3) Divisions: each trunk divides to form anterior & posterior divisions (4) Cords: divisions combine to form lateral, medial, & posterior cords b) Function: provides almost entire nerve supply for shoulders & upper limbs c) Large terminal branches: (1) axillary: supplies deltoid & teres minor muscles (2) musculocutaneous: supplies anterior muscles of arm (3) median: supplies most of anterior forearm muscles & some hand muscles (4) ulnar: supplies anteriormedial muscles of forearm & most of the hand (5) radial: supplies muscles on posterior aspect of arm & forearm | 60 | |
| 8030375727 | lumbar plexus and the lower limb | L1 - L4 a) Areas innervated: supplies anterolateral abdominal wall muscles, external genitals, & part of lower limb (anterior & medial thigh) b) Major nerves: (1) femoral: largest nerve from lumbar plexes; supplies flexor muscles of hip joint, extensor muscles of knee joint, skin over anterior & medial thigh, & skin over medial leg & foot (2) obturator: supplies adductor muscles of hip joint & skin over medial thigh | 61 | |
| 8030379050 | Sacral Plexus | L4 - S4 a) Areas innervated: skin of leg, posterior thigh muscles and leg & foot muscles b) Major nerves: (1) sciatic: Largest nerve in body which is composed of two nerves tibial & common fibular these split around knee; supplies hamstrings & adductor magnus (2) tibial: supplies posterior lower leg & foot (3) common fibular: supplies anterior lower leg & foot | 62 | |
| 8030382784 | Coccygeal Plexus | S4 -S5 & coccygeal nerves a) Function: supplies small area of skin in coccygeal area | 63 | |
| 8030386099 | Innervation of skin | dermatomes = surface skin area supplied by single spinal nerve, except for C 1 helpful in pinpointing spinal damage a) Herpes zoster (shingles): virus in dorsal root ganglion for years until activated by stress, decreased immune system, etc. | 64 | |
| 8030389929 | Innervation of joints | Hilton's law - any nerve serving a muscle that produces movement at a joint also innervates the joint and the skin over the joint | 65 | |
| 8030398346 | Autonomic motor axons | branch into multiple axonal terminals a) synapses en passant: each branch forms this with it's effector b) varicosities: knob-like swellings containing mitochondria & synaptic vesicles (contain either acetylcholine or norepinephrine) | 66 | |
| 8030413448 | Segmental level | lowest level of control, activates a network of ventral horn neurons to stimulate a specific group of muscles | 67 | |
| 8030415649 | Projection level | upper motor neurons of motor cortex & brain stem nuclei carry instruction to spinal cord & send copy to higher command center | 68 | |
| 8030417447 | Pre-command level | cerebellum & Basal nuclei regulate motor activity, programs it, sends out the instructions, & modifies by feedback | 69 | |
| 8030439970 | Inborn (intrinsic) reflex | rapid, predictable motor response to a stimulus, unlearned, unpremeditated, involuntary | 70 | |
| 8030442848 | Learned (aquired) reflex | result from practice or repetition | 71 | |
| 8030445090 | Components of a reflex arc | 1. Receptor: site of stimulus action 2. Sensory neuron: afferent fiber carrying impulse to CNS 3. Integration center: synapse between sensory & motor neurons always within CNS a) Monosynaptic reflex: single synapse between sensory & motor neurons b) Polysynaptic reflex: multiple synapses with chain of interneurons 4. Motor neuron: efferent fiber carrying impulse from CNS to effector 5. Effector: muscle fiber or gland | 72 | |
| 8030449223 | Somatic reflex | activate skeletal muscle | 73 | |
| 8030457042 | Autonomic (visceral) reflex | activate visceral effectors (smooth muscle, cardiac muscle or gland) | 74 | |
| 8030460915 | Anulospiral endings | (Primary sensory (afferent) fibers): large type Ia fibers (1) Structure: coiled around central part of intrafusal fibers (2) Action: stimulated by both rate & degree of muscle stretch | 75 | |
| 8030465253 | Flower Spray Endings | (Secondary sensory (afferent) endings): small type II fibers (1) Structure: flower-spray endings at ends of intrafusal fibers (spindle ends) (2) Action: stimulated by degree of muscle stretch | 76 | |
| 8030472732 | Gamma (g) efferent fibers | small motor neurons from ventral horn of spinal cord to ends of muscle spindle (1) Action: continually adjust tension in muscle spindle | 77 | |
| 8030478010 | Alpha efferent fibers | (1) Action: innervate extrafusal fibers (bulk of muscle) to contract | 78 | |
| 8030486657 | Stretch flex | a) Causes for initiation of reflex: (1) External force: lengthens entire muscle (external stretch) (2) Activation of g (gamma) motor neurons: stimulate ends of intrafusal fibers to contract resulting in stretching middle of spindle (internal stretch) b) Results of stimulus: (1) Reflexive muscle contraction: (alpha) motor neurons excite extrafusal muscle fibers of stretched muscle (2) Reciprocal inhibition: concurrent relaxation of antagonist muscles required for stretch reflex c) Clinical example: stretch reflex of patellar (knee-jerk) reflex d) Monosynaptic or ipsilateral: all stretch reflex involve a single synapse & motor activity on the same side of the body e) Tendon Reflex: Polysynaptic: causing muscle relaxation & lengthening in response to tension | 79 | |
| 8030491556 | flexor (withdrawal) reflex | The flexor (withdrawal) reflex: ipsilateral, polysynaptic reflexes; sensory input & motor output are on same sides of spinal cord a) Importance: protection from injurious situations b) Examples: stepping on sharp object or jerking arm back from excessive heat | 80 | |
| 8030495755 | crossed extensor reflex | The crossed extensor reflex: contralateral reflex arc; sensory input, ipsilateral withdrawal reflex, & contralateral extensor reflex a) Example: (1) Grabbing your arm unexpectly: withdraw clutched arm (flexor) & push person away (extensor) with other arm (2) Stepping on sharp object: contract flexors & relax extensors to lift leg but on opposite leg, relax flexors & contract extensors to maintain balance | 81 | |
| 8030500557 | Plantar reflex | tests integrity of L4-S2 spinal cord, stimulate outer edge of sole with a blunt object => plantar flexion (curling under) of all toes & slight turning in & flexion of foot | 82 | |
| 8030502352 | Babinski reflex | stimulate outer margin of sole of foot => extension of big toe (1) Normal test: present in normal infants until approximately 1year (2) Abnormal test: no reaction indicates destruction of corticospinal (pyramidal tract) fibers or damage in primary motor cortex | 83 | |
| 8030505696 | Abdominal reflex | tests T8-T 12, stroking side of abdomen drawing in of abdominal wall; (negative result: destruction of motor neurons) | 84 | |
| 8030509087 | Somatic system | one motor neuron unit with cell body in CNS with axon extending all the way to skeletal muscle without a synapse in a ganglion structure | 85 | |
| 8030510706 | ANS | two neuron chain to effector (1) Preganglionic neuron: cell body in brain or spinal cord sending efferent impulse from CNS to autonomic ganglion outside of CNS (2) Postganglionic neuron: efferent neuron leaving ganglion to effector | 86 | |
| 8030516088 | Neurotransmitter effects | a) Somatic: ACh at skeletal muscle synapse leading to excitatory effect b) ANS: postganglionic fibers release ACh (parasympathetic fibers) nor-epinephrine (most sympathetic fibers) where effect & depends on type of receptor on target organ | 87 | |
| 8030518178 | Overlap of Somatic & Autonomic Function | Higher brain centers regulate & coordinate both somatic & autonomic motor activities. Most body's adaptation to changing internal & external conditions involve both skeletal muscle & visceral organs | 88 | |
| 8030523569 | parasympathetic | "resting-and-digesting" system a) Normal control: restful conditions for most effectors | 89 | |
| 8030527900 | sympathetic | "fight-or-flight" a) Specialized control: prepares body for stressful & emergency situations (1) Examples: stronger heart-beat, dilate blood vessels to skeletal muscles, dilated bronchi, increased blood sugar | 90 | |
| 8030541240 | Anatomy of the ANS | A. General differences: 1. Unique sites of origin: a) Parasympathetic: cranial & sacral areas of spinal cord b) Sympathetic: thoracic & lumbar areas of spinal cord 2. Different fiber lengths: a) Parasympathetic: long preganglionic & short postganglionic fibers b) Sympathetic: short preganglionic & long postganglionic fibers 3. Location of ganglia: a) Parasympathetic: mostly found in visceral effectors b) Sympathetic: found in a chain close to spinal cord | 91 | |
| 8030550935 | Structures only innervated by sympathetic neurons | a) sweat glands: b) arrector pili muscle: hair raising muscle of skin c) smooth muscle: walls of all arteries & veins, both deep & superficial | 92 | |
| 8030555764 | Preganglionic neurons | lateral horns of spinal cord (visceral motor zones) | 93 | |
| 8030562318 | Preganglionic fibers | leave cord via ventral root and travel through relatively short fibers (white ramus communicans {mylinated fibers}) to enter an adjoining sympathetic trunk ganglion forming pmt of sympathetic trunk (sympathetic chain) | 94 | |
| 8030572289 | Visceral Reflex | has two consecutive motor neurons | 95 | |
| 8030574423 | afferent fibers | are visceral sensory neurons carries info on chemical changes, stretch, & irritation of viscer | 96 | |
| 8030576751 | Cholinergic fibers | secrete acetylcholine (ACh) (1) All preganglionic fibers (1) All parasympathetic postganglionic fibers (2) Few sympathetic postganglionic fibers: sweat glands & some blood vessels in skeletal muscles | 97 | |
| 8030583723 | Adrenergic fibers | secrete norepinephrine (NE) (1) most sympathetic postganglionic fibers 2. Cholinergic receptors: binds Ach | 98 | |
| 8030594792 | Nicotinic receptors | Ach binding is always a stimulatory effect (drug nicotine binds to these receptors) (1) Motor end plates of skeletal muscles (2) All post ganglionic neurons both sympathetic & parasympathetic (3) Adrenal medulla hormone producing cells | 99 | |
| 8030599265 | Muscarinic receptors | all parasympathetic & some sympathetic target cells resulting in either stimulatory or inhibitor effects depending on subclass of muscarinic receptors | 100 | |
| 8030605830 | Alpha receptors | usually excitatory (1) : excitatory (2) inhibitory | 101 | |
| 8030610486 | Beta receptors | b) Beta receptors: usually inhibitory (1) : excitatory (2) : mostly inhibitory (3) : excitatory | 102 | |
| 8030614537 | Antagonistic interactions | opposite affects on same tissue a) Sympathetic: increases heart & respiratory rates but inhibit digestion b) Parasympathetic: decreases heart & respiratory rates but stimulates digestion to return to normal | 103 | |
| 8030619465 | Sympathetic (vasomotor) tone | baseline stimulation keeping blood vessels partially constricted maintaining blood pressure | 104 | |
| 8030622744 | Parasympathetic tone | normally dominate heart & smooth muscle of digestive & urinary tract organs | 105 | |
| 8030625361 | Cooperative effects | Cooperative effects: similar effects on same tissue a) Parasympathetic: stimulates salivary glands to secrete a watery, enzyme-rich secretion b) Sympathetic: stimulates saliva glands to secrete a mucus secretion | 106 | |
| 8030629181 | roles of the Sympathetic Division | a) Thermoregulatory Response to Heat: sympathetic division mediates reflexes to maintain body temperature b) Release of Renin from the Kidneys: sympathetic impulses => kidneys => rennin to increase blood pressure c) Metabolic Effects: sympathetic division => (1) increase metabolic rate (2) increases blood glucose (3) mobilizes fats for use as fuel | 107 | |
| 8030658870 | Localized Versus Diffuse Effects | a) Parasympathetic Division: release Ach destroyed by acetylcholinesterase very quickly = short-lived local responses b) Sympathetic Division: diffuse interconnected longer-acting response (cool down after stressor) | 108 | |
| 8030661664 | Brain stem | a) Medulla: cardiac & vasomotor centers b) Pons & Medulla: respiratory center | 109 | |
| 8030664686 | Hypothalamic controls | main Integration center of ANS a) Examples: controls heart activity, blood pressure, body temperature, water balance, endocrine activity, emotional state, biological drives | 110 | |
| 8030669360 | Cortical controls | thoughts of frightening event (heart rate increase - a sympathetic response) or thought of a favorite food (mouth waters - a parasympathetic response) | 111 | |
| 8030671553 | Biofeedback | methods to control or alter some "involuntary" function by concentrating on calming, pleasant thoughts | 112 |
