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| 8806017697 | Adam Smith | Adam Smith FRSA was a Scottish economist, philosopher and author as well as a moral philosopher, a pioneer of political economy and a key figure during the Scottish Enlightenment era. |  | 0 |
| 8806071005 | Commercial Revolution | The Commercial Revolution consisted in the creation of a European economy based on trade, which began in the 11th century and lasted until it was succeeded by the Industrial Revolution in the mid-18th century. |  | 1 |
| 8847780700 | Catherine the Great | Catherine II, also known as Catherine the Great, born Princess Sophie of Anhalt-Zerbst, was Empress of Russia from 1762 until 1796, the country's longest-ruling female leader. |  | 2 |
| 8847790968 | Johann Tetzel | Johann Tetzel OP was a German Dominican friar and preacher. In addition, he was a Grand Inquisitor of Heresy to Poland, and later became the Grand Commissioner for indulgences in Germany. |  | 3 |
| 8847793723 | St. Peter's Basilica | The Papal Basilica of St. Peter in the Vatican, or simply St. Peter's Basilica, is an Italian Renaissance church in Vatican City, the papal enclave within the city of Rome. |  | 4 |
| 8847796125 | Peter the Great | Peter the Great ruled the Tsardom of Russia and later the Russian Empire from 7 May 1682 until his death. |  | 5 |
| 8847798802 | Dutch East India Company | The Dutch East India Company was a publicly tradable corporation that was funded in 1602 and became defunct in 1799. |  | 6 |
| 8847800834 | British East India Company | The British East India Company and informally as John Company, was an English and later British joint-stock company. |  | 7 |
| 8847803344 | Prince Henry the Navigator | Prince Henry the Navigator, was an important figure in 15th-century Portuguese politics and in the early days of the Portuguese Empire. |  | 8 |
| 8847806056 | Sir Thomas More | Sir Thomas More, venerated in Catholicism as Saint Thomas More, was an English lawyer, social philosopher, author, statesman, and noted Renaissance humanist. |  | 9 |
| 8847808896 | Hanseatic League | The Hanseatic League was a commercial and defensive confederation of merchant guilds and their market towns. |  | 10 |
| 8847808897 | Astrolabe | An astrolabe is an elaborate inclinometer, historically used by astronomers and navigators to measure the inclined position in the sky of a celestial body, day or night. |  | 11 |
| 8847811973 | Francisco Pizarro | Francisco Pizarro González was a Spanish conquistador who led an expedition that conquered the Inca Empire. He captured and killed Incan emperor Atahualpa, and claimed the lands for Spain. |  | 12 |
| 8847816019 | Shah Jahan | Shah Jahan, was the fifth Mughal emperor, who reigned from 1628 to 1658. |  | 13 |
| 8847819037 | Potosi Silver Mines | Potosí was founded as a mining town in 1546, while Bolivia was still part of the Viceroyalty of Peru. Over the next 200 years, more than 40,000 tons of silver were shipped out of the town, making the Spanish Empire one of the richest the world had ever seen. |  | 14 |
| 8847823090 | Romanov Dynasty | The second dynasty to rule Russia, after the House of Rurik, reigning from 1613 until the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II on March 15, 1917, as a result of the February Revolution. |  | 15 |
| 8847824520 | Hernan Cortez | A Spanish Conquistador who led an expedition that caused the fall of the Aztec Empire and brought large portions of what is now mainland Mexico under the rule of the King of Castile in the early 16th century. |  | 16 |
| 8847827240 | Petrarch | An Italian scholar and poet in Renaissance Italy, who was one of the earliest humanists. His rediscovery of Cicero's letters is often credited with initiating the 14th-century Renaissance. |  | 17 |
| 8847832226 | Sikhism | A religion that originated in the Punjab region of the Indian subcontinent about the end of the 15th century. It is one of the youngest of the major world religions. |  | 18 |
| 8847838435 | Suleiman the Magnificent | Suleiman I, commonly known as Suleiman the Magnificent in the West and Kanunî Sultan Süleyman in his realm, was the tenth and longest-reigning sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1520 until his death in 1566. |  | 19 |
| 8847840460 | "Gunpowder Empires" | The Gunpowder Empires were the Ottoman, Safavid and Mughal empires. Each of these three empires had considerable military success using the newly developed firearms, especially cannon and small arms, in the course of their empires, but unlike Europe for example, the introduction of the gunpowder weapons prompted changes well beyond simply army organization. |  | 20 |
| 8847842404 | Janissaries | The Janissaries were elite infantry units that formed the Ottoman Sultan's household troops, bodyguards and the first modern standing army in Europe. |  | 21 |
| 8847842405 | Aurangzeb | The sixth, and widely considered the last effective Mughal emperor. His reign lasted for 49 years from 1658 until his death in 1707. |  | 22 |
| 8847845777 | Peninsulares | In the context of the Spanish colonial caste system, a peninsular was a Spanish-born Spaniard residing in the New World or the Spanish East Indies. |  | 23 |
| 8847848772 | Mestizos | A man of mixed race, especially the offspring of a Spaniard and an American Indian. |  | 24 |
| 8847850405 | Spanish Mission | The Spanish missions in the America were Catholic missions established by the Spanish Empire during the 16th to 19th centuries in an area extending from Mexico and southwestern portions of what today are the United States to as far south as Argentina and Chile. |  | 25 |
| 8847850406 | Our Lady of Guadalupe | Our Lady of Guadalupe, also known as the Virgin of Guadalupe, is a Catholic title of the Blessed Virgin Mary associated with a venerated image enshrined within the Minor Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe in Mexico City. |  | 26 |
| 8847860041 | Father Bartolome de La Casas | A 16th-century Spanish historian, social reformer and Dominican friar. |  | 27 |
| 8847861698 | Casta | A hierarchical system of race classification created by Spanish elites in Hispanic America during the eighteenth century. |  | 28 |
| 8847863904 | Zambos | Racial term used in the Spanish and Portuguese Empires and occasionally today to identify individuals in the Americas who are of mixed African and Amerindian ancestry. |  | 29 |
| 8847865438 | Ferdinand Magellan | Ferdinand Magellan was a Portuguese explorer who organised the Spanish expedition to the East Indies from 1519 to 1522, resulting in the first circumnavigation of the Earth. |  | 30 |
| 8847867880 | Akbar | Abu'l-Fath Jalal-ud-din Muhammad Akbar, popularly known as Akbar I and later Akbar the Great, was the third Mughal emperor, who reigned from 1556 to 1605. |  | 31 |
| 8847869068 | Babur | Babur, born Zahīr ud-Dīn Muhammad, was the founder and first Emperor of the Mughal dynasty in the Indian subcontinent. He was a direct descendant of Emperor Timur the Great from what is now Uzbekistan. |  | 32 |
| 8847873492 | Peonage | Peonage, also called debt slavery or debt servitude, is a system where an employer compels a worker to pay off a debt with work. |  | 33 |
| 8847877540 | Encomienda System | Encomienda was a labor system in Spain and its empire. It rewarded conquerors with the labor of particular groups of subject people. |  | 34 |
| 8847879927 | Reconquista | The Reconquista is the period in the history of the Iberian Peninsula of about 780 years between the Umayyad conquest of Hispania in 711 and the fall of the Nasrid kingdom of Granada to the expanding Christian kingdoms in 1492. |  | 35 |
| 8847882091 | Treaty of Tordesillas | Treaty of Tordesillas, (June 7, 1494), agreement between Spain and Portugal aimed at settling conflicts over lands newly discovered or explored by Christopher Columbus and other late 15th-century voyagers. |  | 36 |
| 8847889402 | Louis XIV | Louis XIV, known as Louis the God-Given, Louis the Great or the Sun King, was a monarch of the House of Bourbon who reigned as King of France from 1643 until his death in 1715. |  | 37 |
| 8847893401 | Indentured Servitude | An indentured servant or indentured laborer is an employee within a system of unfree labor who is bound by a signed or forced contract to work for a particular employer for a fixed time. |  | 38 |
| 8847896367 | Machiavelli | An Italian diplomat, politician, historian, philosopher, humanist, and writer of the Renaissance period. He has often been called the father of modern political science. |  | 39 |
| 8847904034 | Northwest Passage | The sea route to the Pacific Ocean through the Arctic Ocean, along the northern coast of North America via waterways through the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. |  | 40 |
| 8847914936 | Malince (Dona Maria) | A Nahua woman from the Mexican Gulf Coast, who played a role in the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire, acting as an interpreter. |  | 41 |
| 8847918564 | Ferdinand and Isabella | They were both from the House of Trastámara and were second cousins, being both descended from John I of Castile; on marriage they were given a papal dispensation to deal with consanguinity by Sixtus IV. |  | 42 |
| 8847921268 | Mughal Empire | The Mughal Empire or Mogul Empire, self-designated as Gurkani, was an empire in the Indian subcontinent, founded in 1526. |  | 43 |
| 8847926267 | Emperor Yongle | The Yongle Emperor, personal name Zhu Di, was the third emperor of the Ming dynasty in China, reigning from 1402 to 1424. |  | 44 |
| 8847932625 | Yongle's Encyclopedia | The Yongle Encyclopedia or Yongle Dadian was a Chinese leishu encyclopedia commissioned by the Yongle Emperor of the Ming dynasty in 1403 and completed by 1408. |  | 45 |
| 8847935103 | Medici Family | The House of Medici was an Italian banking family, political dynasty and later royal house that first began to gather prominence under Cosimo de' Medici in the Republic of Florence during the first half of the 15th century. |  | 46 |
| 8847938754 | Wealth of Nations | An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, generally referred to by its shortened title The Wealth of Nations, is the magnum opus of the Scottish economist and philosopher Adam Smith. |  | 47 |
| 8847940705 | Humanism | Humanism is a philosophical and ethical stance that emphasizes the value and agency of human beings, individually and collectively, and generally prefers critical thinking and evidence over acceptance of dogma or superstition. |  | 48 |
| 8847943337 | Mercantilism | Mercantilism is a national economic policy designed to maximize the trade of a nation and, historically, to maximize the accumulation of gold and silver. |  | 49 |
