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7410744153AnatomyStudy of the structure of body parts and their relationship to one another0
7410743310PhysiologyStudy of the function of body parts; how they work to carry out life-sustaining activities1
7410744672Gross or macroscopic anatomyis the study of large, visible structures2
7410745454Developmental anatomystudies anatomical and physiological development throughout life Embryology: study of developments before birth3
7410746617Chemical levelatoms, molecules, and organelles4
7410746972Tissue levelgroups of similar cells5
7410755965Organ levelcontains two or more types of tissues6
7410756799Organ system levelorgans that work closely together7
7410757512Organismal levelall organ systems combined to make the whole organism8
7410757894Maintaining boundariesSeparation between internal and external environments must exist Plasma membranes separate cells Skin separates organism from environment9
7410758627MovementMuscular system allows movement Of body parts via skeletal muscles Of substances via cardiac muscle (blood) and smooth muscle (digestion, urination) Contractility refers to movement at the cellular level10
7410759896ResponsivenessAbility to sense and respond to stimuli Withdrawal reflex prevents injury Control of breathing rate, which must change in response to different activities11
7410760552DigestionBreakdown of ingested foodstuffs, followed by absorption of simple molecules into blood12
7410766594ExcretionRemoval of wastes from metabolism and digestion Urea (from breakdown of proteins), carbon dioxide (from metabolism), feces (unabsorbed foods)13
7410767424MetabolismAll chemical reactions that occur in body cells Sum of all catabolism (breakdown of molecules) and anabolism (synthesis of molecules)14
7410770024ReproductionAt the cellular level, reproduction involves division of cells for growth or repair At the organismal level, reproduction is the production of offspring15
7410770468GrowthIncrease in size of a body part or of organism16
7410771360Integumentary SystemForms the external body covering, and protects deeper tissues from injury. Synthesizes vitamin D, and houses cutaneous (pain, pressure, etc.) receptors and sweat and oil glands17
7410773909Skeletal systemProtects and supports body organs, and provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement. Blood cells are formed within bones. Bones store minerals.18
7410775185Muscular SystemAllows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression. Maintains posture, and produces heat.19
7410778395Nervous SystemAs the fast-acting control system of the body, it responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands.20
7410780686Endocrine SystemGlands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells.21
7410783069Cardiovascular SystemBlood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc. The heart pumps blood22
7410783609Lymphatic System/ImmunityPicks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood. Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream. Houses white blood cells (lymphocytes) involved in immunity. The immune response mounts the attack against foreign substances within the body23
7410785918Respiratory SystemKeeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide. The gaseous exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs24
7410786313Digestive SystemBreaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells. Indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces.25
7410786755Urinary SystemEliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body. Regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of the blood.26
7410787405Male Reproductive System And Female Reproductive System27
7410794746NutrientsChemicals for energy and cell building Carbohydrates: major source of energy Proteins: needed for cell building and cell chemistry Fats: long-term energy storage Minerals and vitamins: involved in chemical reactions as well as for structural purposes28
7410795209OxygenEssential for release of energy from foods The body can survive only a few minutes without oxygen29
7410795629WaterMost abundant chemical in body; provides the watery environment needed for chemical reactions Also is fluid base for secretions and excretions30
7410796620Normal body temperatureIf body temp falls below or goes above 37°C, rates of chemical reactions are affected31
7410797181Appropriate atmospheric pressureSpecific pressure of air is needed for adequate breathing and gas exchange in lungs32
7410798205Homeostasisis the maintenance of relatively stable internal conditions despite continuous changes in environment A dynamic state of equilibrium, always readjusting as needed Maintained by contributions of all organ systems Body must constantly be monitored and regulated to maintain homeostasis Nervous and endocrine systems, as well as other systems, play a major role in maintaining homeostasis Variables are factors that can change (blood sugar, body temperature, blood volume, etc.)33
7410799511Receptor (sensor)Monitors environment Responds to stimuli (things that cause changes in controlled variables)34
7410800366Control centerDetermines set point at which variable is maintained Receives input from receptor Determines appropriate response35
7410800972EffectorReceives output from control center Provides the means to respond Response either reduces stimulus (negative feedback) or enhances stimulus (positive feedback)36
7410807582Negative feedbackMost-used feedback mechanism in body Response reduces or shuts off original stimulus Variable changes in opposite direction of initial change Examples Regulation of body temperature (a nervous system mechanism) Regulation of blood glucose by insulin (an endocrine system mechanism)37
7410814168Positive feedbackResponse enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus May exhibit a cascade or amplifying effect as feedback causes variable to continue in same direction as initial change Usually controls infrequent events that do not require continuous adjustment, for example: Enhancement of labor contractions by oxytocin Platelet plug formation and blood clotting38
7410815204Homeostatic ImbalanceDisturbance of homeostasis Increases risk of disease Contributes to changes associated with aging Control systems become less efficient If negative feedback mechanisms become overwhelmed, destructive positive feedback mechanisms may take over Heart failure39
7410817019anatomical positionBody erect, feet slightly apart, palms facing forward with thumbs pointing away from body40
7410818023Directional termsdescribe one body structure in relation to another body structure Direction is always based on standard anatomical position Right and left refer to the body being viewed, not right and left of observer41
7410827636AxialHead, neck, and trunk42
7410829013AppendicularLimbs (legs and arms)43
7410829981Sagittal planeDivides body vertically into right and left parts Produces a sagittal section if cut along this plane44
7410831178Midsagittal (median) planeCut was made perfectly on midline45
7410833036Parasagittal planeCut was off-centered, not on midline46
7410835944Frontal (coronal) planeDivides body vertically into anterior and posterior parts (front and back) Produces a frontal or coronal section47
7410837298Transverse (horizontal) planeDivides body horizontally (90° to vertical plane) into superior and inferior parts (top and bottom) Produces a cross section48
7410838331Oblique sectionResult of cuts at angle other than 90° to vertical plane49
7410840640Thoracic cavityTwo pleural cavities Each cavity surrounds one lung50
7410843919MediastinumContains pericardial cavity Surrounds other thoracic organs, such as esophagus, trachea, etc.51
7410844715Pericardial cavityEncloses heart52
7410845312Abdominopelvic cavityContains stomach, intestines, spleen, and liver53
7410846203Pelvic cavityContains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum54
7410847177Serosa (also called serous membraneThin, double-layered membranes that cover surfaces in ventral body cavity Parietal serosa lines internal body cavity walls Visceral serosa covers internal organs (viscera) Double layers are separated by slit-like cavity filled with serous fluid Fluid secreted by both layers of membrane55
7410847950PericardiumHeart56
7410852411digestiveThe esophagus, large intestine, rectum are part of which of the following organ systems?57
7410854825excretionThe kidneys removing nitrogen waste from the blood stream in the form of urea is an example of58
7410855566positiveA __________ feedback mechanism causes the variable to deviate further and further from its original value or range.59
7410856355superiorUsing positional terminology, the kidneys are ________ to the urinary bladder.60
7410860035shoulderA patient presenting with pain and swelling in the acromial region would likely have a ________ injury.61
7410860800physiologyWhen someone is studying how a nerve impulse causes a muscle to contract, they are dealing with62
7410863811complementary nature of structure and functionWhen the physical structure of a body part is closely tied to its specific function, scientists call this the principle of63
7410868317Negative FeedbackHomeostasis is maintained primarily via ________ feedback mechanisms.64
7410869215effectorsWhen body temperature rises, evaporation of sweat cools. The sweat glands act as ________ in the regulatory mechanism.65

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