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| 7410744153 | Anatomy | Study of the structure of body parts and their relationship to one another | 0 | |
| 7410743310 | Physiology | Study of the function of body parts; how they work to carry out life-sustaining activities | 1 | |
| 7410744672 | Gross or macroscopic anatomy | is the study of large, visible structures | 2 | |
| 7410745454 | Developmental anatomy | studies anatomical and physiological development throughout life Embryology: study of developments before birth | 3 | |
| 7410746617 | Chemical level | atoms, molecules, and organelles | 4 | |
| 7410746972 | Tissue level | groups of similar cells | 5 | |
| 7410755965 | Organ level | contains two or more types of tissues | 6 | |
| 7410756799 | Organ system level | organs that work closely together | 7 | |
| 7410757512 | Organismal level | all organ systems combined to make the whole organism | 8 | |
| 7410757894 | Maintaining boundaries | Separation between internal and external environments must exist Plasma membranes separate cells Skin separates organism from environment | 9 | |
| 7410758627 | Movement | Muscular system allows movement Of body parts via skeletal muscles Of substances via cardiac muscle (blood) and smooth muscle (digestion, urination) Contractility refers to movement at the cellular level | 10 | |
| 7410759896 | Responsiveness | Ability to sense and respond to stimuli Withdrawal reflex prevents injury Control of breathing rate, which must change in response to different activities | 11 | |
| 7410760552 | Digestion | Breakdown of ingested foodstuffs, followed by absorption of simple molecules into blood | 12 | |
| 7410766594 | Excretion | Removal of wastes from metabolism and digestion Urea (from breakdown of proteins), carbon dioxide (from metabolism), feces (unabsorbed foods) | 13 | |
| 7410767424 | Metabolism | All chemical reactions that occur in body cells Sum of all catabolism (breakdown of molecules) and anabolism (synthesis of molecules) | 14 | |
| 7410770024 | Reproduction | At the cellular level, reproduction involves division of cells for growth or repair At the organismal level, reproduction is the production of offspring | 15 | |
| 7410770468 | Growth | Increase in size of a body part or of organism | 16 | |
| 7410771360 | Integumentary System | Forms the external body covering, and protects deeper tissues from injury. Synthesizes vitamin D, and houses cutaneous (pain, pressure, etc.) receptors and sweat and oil glands |  | 17 |
| 7410773909 | Skeletal system | Protects and supports body organs, and provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement. Blood cells are formed within bones. Bones store minerals. | 18 | |
| 7410775185 | Muscular System | Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression. Maintains posture, and produces heat. |  | 19 |
| 7410778395 | Nervous System | As the fast-acting control system of the body, it responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands. |  | 20 |
| 7410780686 | Endocrine System | Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells. |  | 21 |
| 7410783069 | Cardiovascular System | Blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc. The heart pumps blood |  | 22 |
| 7410783609 | Lymphatic System/Immunity | Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood. Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream. Houses white blood cells (lymphocytes) involved in immunity. The immune response mounts the attack against foreign substances within the body |  | 23 |
| 7410785918 | Respiratory System | Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide. The gaseous exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs |  | 24 |
| 7410786313 | Digestive System | Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells. Indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces. |  | 25 |
| 7410786755 | Urinary System | Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body. Regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of the blood. |  | 26 |
| 7410787405 | Male Reproductive System And Female Reproductive System |  | 27 | |
| 7410794746 | Nutrients | Chemicals for energy and cell building Carbohydrates: major source of energy Proteins: needed for cell building and cell chemistry Fats: long-term energy storage Minerals and vitamins: involved in chemical reactions as well as for structural purposes | 28 | |
| 7410795209 | Oxygen | Essential for release of energy from foods The body can survive only a few minutes without oxygen | 29 | |
| 7410795629 | Water | Most abundant chemical in body; provides the watery environment needed for chemical reactions Also is fluid base for secretions and excretions | 30 | |
| 7410796620 | Normal body temperature | If body temp falls below or goes above 37°C, rates of chemical reactions are affected | 31 | |
| 7410797181 | Appropriate atmospheric pressure | Specific pressure of air is needed for adequate breathing and gas exchange in lungs | 32 | |
| 7410798205 | Homeostasis | is the maintenance of relatively stable internal conditions despite continuous changes in environment A dynamic state of equilibrium, always readjusting as needed Maintained by contributions of all organ systems Body must constantly be monitored and regulated to maintain homeostasis Nervous and endocrine systems, as well as other systems, play a major role in maintaining homeostasis Variables are factors that can change (blood sugar, body temperature, blood volume, etc.) | 33 | |
| 7410799511 | Receptor (sensor) | Monitors environment Responds to stimuli (things that cause changes in controlled variables) | 34 | |
| 7410800366 | Control center | Determines set point at which variable is maintained Receives input from receptor Determines appropriate response | 35 | |
| 7410800972 | Effector | Receives output from control center Provides the means to respond Response either reduces stimulus (negative feedback) or enhances stimulus (positive feedback) | 36 | |
| 7410807582 | Negative feedback | Most-used feedback mechanism in body Response reduces or shuts off original stimulus Variable changes in opposite direction of initial change Examples Regulation of body temperature (a nervous system mechanism) Regulation of blood glucose by insulin (an endocrine system mechanism) | 37 | |
| 7410814168 | Positive feedback | Response enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus May exhibit a cascade or amplifying effect as feedback causes variable to continue in same direction as initial change Usually controls infrequent events that do not require continuous adjustment, for example: Enhancement of labor contractions by oxytocin Platelet plug formation and blood clotting | 38 | |
| 7410815204 | Homeostatic Imbalance | Disturbance of homeostasis Increases risk of disease Contributes to changes associated with aging Control systems become less efficient If negative feedback mechanisms become overwhelmed, destructive positive feedback mechanisms may take over Heart failure | 39 | |
| 7410817019 | anatomical position | Body erect, feet slightly apart, palms facing forward with thumbs pointing away from body |  | 40 |
| 7410818023 | Directional terms | describe one body structure in relation to another body structure Direction is always based on standard anatomical position Right and left refer to the body being viewed, not right and left of observer |  | 41 |
| 7410827636 | Axial | Head, neck, and trunk | 42 | |
| 7410829013 | Appendicular | Limbs (legs and arms) | 43 | |
| 7410829981 | Sagittal plane | Divides body vertically into right and left parts Produces a sagittal section if cut along this plane |  | 44 |
| 7410831178 | Midsagittal (median) plane | Cut was made perfectly on midline | 45 | |
| 7410833036 | Parasagittal plane | Cut was off-centered, not on midline |  | 46 |
| 7410835944 | Frontal (coronal) plane | Divides body vertically into anterior and posterior parts (front and back) Produces a frontal or coronal section |  | 47 |
| 7410837298 | Transverse (horizontal) plane | Divides body horizontally (90° to vertical plane) into superior and inferior parts (top and bottom) Produces a cross section |  | 48 |
| 7410838331 | Oblique section | Result of cuts at angle other than 90° to vertical plane |  | 49 |
| 7410840640 | Thoracic cavity | Two pleural cavities Each cavity surrounds one lung | 50 | |
| 7410843919 | Mediastinum | Contains pericardial cavity Surrounds other thoracic organs, such as esophagus, trachea, etc. | 51 | |
| 7410844715 | Pericardial cavity | Encloses heart | 52 | |
| 7410845312 | Abdominopelvic cavity | Contains stomach, intestines, spleen, and liver | 53 | |
| 7410846203 | Pelvic cavity | Contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum | 54 | |
| 7410847177 | Serosa (also called serous membrane | Thin, double-layered membranes that cover surfaces in ventral body cavity Parietal serosa lines internal body cavity walls Visceral serosa covers internal organs (viscera) Double layers are separated by slit-like cavity filled with serous fluid Fluid secreted by both layers of membrane | 55 | |
| 7410847950 | Pericardium | Heart | 56 | |
| 7410852411 | digestive | The esophagus, large intestine, rectum are part of which of the following organ systems? | 57 | |
| 7410854825 | excretion | The kidneys removing nitrogen waste from the blood stream in the form of urea is an example of | 58 | |
| 7410855566 | positive | A __________ feedback mechanism causes the variable to deviate further and further from its original value or range. | 59 | |
| 7410856355 | superior | Using positional terminology, the kidneys are ________ to the urinary bladder. | 60 | |
| 7410860035 | shoulder | A patient presenting with pain and swelling in the acromial region would likely have a ________ injury. | 61 | |
| 7410860800 | physiology | When someone is studying how a nerve impulse causes a muscle to contract, they are dealing with | 62 | |
| 7410863811 | complementary nature of structure and function | When the physical structure of a body part is closely tied to its specific function, scientists call this the principle of | 63 | |
| 7410868317 | Negative Feedback | Homeostasis is maintained primarily via ________ feedback mechanisms. | 64 | |
| 7410869215 | effectors | When body temperature rises, evaporation of sweat cools. The sweat glands act as ________ in the regulatory mechanism. | 65 |
