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| 9492328534 | Backward Reconstruction | The tracking of sound shifts and hardening of consonants "backward" toward the original language | 0 | |
| 9492336306 | British Received Pronunciation (BPR) | the dialect of england associated with upper class britons living in the london area and now considered standard in the uk | 1 | |
| 9492343301 | Conquest Theory | One major theory of how Proto-Indo-European diffused into Europe which holds that the early speakers of Proto-Indo-European spread westward on horseback, overpowering earlier inhabitants and beginning the diffusion and differentiation of Indo-European tongues | 2 | |
| 9492352643 | Creole | a mother tongue that originates from contact between two languages | 3 | |
| 9492362553 | Denglish | combination of German and English. Example: Telephone Company in Germany incorporating English into their words for local and long distance call Application: The existence of Denglish shows the impact that English as a language has made on the world(in this case, Germany) | 4 | |
| 9492368807 | Dialects | A regional variety of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation | 5 | |
| 9492383115 | Dialect Chain | A set of contiguous dialects in which the dialects nearest to each other at any place in the chain are most closely related | 6 | |
| 9492388145 | Dispersal Hypothesis | Hypothesis which holds that the Indo-European languages that arose from Proto-Indo-European were first carried eastward into Southwest Asia, next around the Caspian Sea, and then across the Russian-Ukrainian plains and on into the Balkans | 7 | |
| 9492399714 | Esperanto | A made-up Latin-based language, which its European proponents in the early twentieth century hoped would become a global language. | 8 | |
| 9492410338 | Extinct Languages | A language that was once used by people in daily activities but is no longer used. | 9 | |
| 9492419801 | Franglais | A term used by the French for English words that have entered the French language. | 10 | |
| 9492428295 | Global Language | Language most commonly used around the world. Basis of many speakers or trade prevelance. | 11 | |
| 9492436400 | Language Branch | A collection of languages related through a common ancestor that existed several thousand years ago. Differences are not as extensive or old as with language families, and archaeological evidence can confirm that these derived from the same family. | 12 | |
| 9492441350 | Language Family | A collection of languages related to each other through a common ancestor long before recorded history. | 13 | |
| 9492447374 | Language Group | A collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and display relatively few differences in grammar and vocabulary. | 14 | |
| 9492453096 | Isogloss | A boundary that separates regions in which different language usages predominate. | 15 | |
| 9492463793 | Isolated Language | A language that is unrelated to any other languages and therefore not attached to any language family. | 16 | |
| 9492474740 | Language ConvergencE | the collapsing of two languages into one resulting from the consistent spatial interaction of people with different languages; the opposite of language divergence | 17 | |
| 9492481321 | Language Divergence | new languages are formed when a language breaks into dialects | 18 | |
| 9492496985 | Language Subfamily | a smaller group of related languages within a language family | 19 | |
| 9492504965 | Lingua Franca | A language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages | 20 | |
| 9492518037 | Linguistic Diversity Index (LDI) | The assortment of languages in a particular area. | 21 | |
| 9492525513 | Loanword | A word that originates in one language and is incorporated into the vocabulary of another language | 22 | |
| 9492533732 | Monolingual States | Countries in which only one language is spoken | 23 | |
| 9492539086 | Multilingual States | Countries in which more than one language is spoken | 24 | |
| 9492546967 | Mutual Intelligibility | The ability of two people to understand each other when speaking | 25 | |
| 9492553992 | Official Language | In multilingual countries the language selected, often by the educated and politically powerful elite, to promote internal cohesion; usually the language of the courts and government | 26 | |
| 9492558416 | Pidgin Languages | When parts of two or more languages are combined in a simplified structure and vocabulary | 27 | |
| 9492565997 | Polyglot | Knowing or using several languages; an area where several languages are spoken | 28 | |
| 9492577200 | Proto-Indo-European language | a language that was the predecessor of latin, greek, and sanskirt | 29 | |
| 9492586976 | Revived Languages | A language that is newly respoken. | 30 | |
| 9492593926 | Sound Shift | A slight chance in a word across languages within a subfamily or through a language family from the present back to the origin. | 31 | |
| 9492604112 | Spanglish | Combination of Spanish and English, spoken by Hispanic-Americans. Example: Spoken on the Southwest border of the US? | 32 | |
| 9492611413 | Standard Dialect | The form of a language used for official government business, education, and mass communications. | 33 | |
| 9492622092 | Trade Language | A language used between native speakers of different languages to allow them to communicate so that they can trade with each other. | 34 | |
| 9492630421 | Animism | Belief that objects, such as plants and stones, or natural events, like thunderstorms and earthquakes, have a discrete spirit and conscious life. | 35 | |
| 9492636904 | Atheistic | Someone who denies the existence of God. | 36 | |
| 9492681635 | Autonomous Religion | A religion that does not have a central authority but shares ideas and cooperates informally. | 37 | |
| 9492690222 | Cargo Cult Pilgrimage | a big religious movement by a large amount of people to Melanesia, it's important because Cargo Cults believe western goods have been traded to them by ancestral spirits | 38 | |
| 9492700478 | Caste (System) | System in India that gives every Indian a particular place in the social hierarchy from birth. Individuals may improve the position they inherit in the caste system in their next life through their actions, or karma. After many lives of good karma, they may be relieved from cycle of life and win their place in heaven. | 39 | |
| 9492709499 | Civil Religion | When the religion is mixed with political culture | 40 | |
| 9492714607 | Cosmogony | The beginning of the world | 41 | |
| 9492724298 | Denomination | A division of a branch that unites a number of local congregations in a single legal and administrative body. | 42 | |
| 9492738479 | Diaspora | the scattering of people who have a common background or beliefs | 43 | |
| 9492746974 | Ethnic Religion | A religion with a relatively concentrated spatial distribution whose principles are likely to be based on the physical characteristics of the particular location in which its adherents are concentrated. | 44 | |
| 9492762809 | Religious) Extremism | religious fundamentalism carried to the point of violence | 45 | |
| 9492769931 | Feng Shui | Rules in Chinese philosophy that govern spatial arrangement and orientation in relation to patterns of yin and yang and the flow of energy (qi) | 46 | |
| 9492776925 | Fundamentalism | Literal interpretation and strict adherence to basic principles of a religion (or a religious branch, denomination, or sect). | 47 | |
| 9492787049 | Geomancy | a method of prediction that interprets markings on the ground, or how handfuls of dirt land when someone tosses them. The Arabic tradition consists of sketching sixteen random lines of dots in sand. This is important to HG because most farmers use a form of Geomancy. | 48 | |
| 9492794603 | Global Religion | Religion in which members are numerous and widespread and their doctrines might appeal to different people from any region of the globe. | 49 | |
| 9492800915 | Hadj | pilgrimage to Mecca; one of the Five Pillars of Islam | 50 | |
| 9492869836 | Hierarchical Religion | A religion in which a central authority exercises a high degree of control. | 51 | |
| 9492882834 | Indigenous Religion | A religion that is native to a place or region (Shintoism in Japan). | 52 | |
| 9492890986 | Interfaith Boundaries | Boundaries between the world's major faiths, such as Christianity, Muslim, and Buddhism. | 53 | |
| 9492898587 | Intrafaith Boundary | Boundaries within a major religion. | 54 | |
| 9492904449 | Jainism (Religion) | a small religion founded in the 6th century BC and practiced mostly in India or where Indians settle. It emphasizes the elimination of all activity that would accumulate bad karma | 55 | |
| 9492912905 | Jihad | a doctrine within Islam. Commonly translated as "Holy War," Jihad represents either a personal or collective struggle on the part of Muslims to live up the religious standards set by the Qu'ran | 56 | |
| 9492921359 | Minaret | tower attached to a Muslim mosque, having one or more projecting balconies from which a crier calls Muslims to prayer | 57 | |
| 9492936084 | Missionaries | An individual who helps to diffuse a universalizing religion. | 58 | |
| 9492945971 | Monotheistic (Religion) | Believing that there is only one god | 59 | |
| 9492951466 | Pilgrimage | Journey to a holy place | 60 | |
| 9492958560 | Polytheistic | the belief of multiple deities, usually assembled into a pantheon of gods and goddesses | 61 | |
| 9492966509 | Proselytic Religion | Referred to as a Universalizing Religion, which is an attempt to be global, to appeal to all people, wherever they may live in the world, not just to those of one culture or location | 62 | |
| 9492973073 | Reincarnation | birth after death | 63 | |
| 9492979038 | Religion | An organized system of ideas about the spiritual sphere or the supernatural, along with associated ceremonial practices by which people try to interpret and/or influence aspects of the universe otherwise beyond their control. | 64 | |
| 9492984425 | Sacred Site (Place/Space) | Sacred space is the place where religious figures and congregations meet to perform religious ceremonies. This is important to HG because a lot of history has taken place at sacred spaces. | 65 | |
| 9492994778 | Sect | A relatively small group that has broken away from an established denomination. | 66 | |
| 9493002825 | Secularism (Secularists) | the idea that ethical and moral standards should be formulated and adhered to for life on Earth, not to accommodate the prescriptions of a deity and promises of a comfortable afterlife | 67 | |
| 9493011730 | Shamanism | Form of a tribal religion that involved community acceptance of a shaman, a religious leader, healer, and worker of magic who, through special powers, can intercede with and interpret the spirit world. | 68 | |
| 9493017733 | Sharia law | the system of Islamic law, sometimes called Qu'ranic law. Unlike most Western systems of law that are based on legal precedence, Sharia is based on varying degrees of interpretation of the Qu'ran | 69 | |
| 9493033203 | Shiites | A Muslim sect - other than the Sunni. Roughly 5 percent of all Muslims worldwide. The ________ make up 60 percent of Iraq's population and almost all of Iran's population. | 70 | |
| 9493047405 | Shintoism (Religion) | Religion located in Japan and related to Buddhism. Shintoism focuses particularly on nature and ancestor worship. | 71 | |
| 9493059943 | Taoism/Doaism (Religion) | Ethnic religion -Loa Zi: Contemporary of Confucius, organized Daoism -Split into many sects -Beliefs: only by avoidance of daily activities can | 72 | |
| 9493070683 | Universalizing Religion | Religions that attempt to be global, to appeal to all people, wherever they may live in the world, not just to those of one culture or location. | 73 |
