AP Flashcards

8394890465	Anatomy	study of body structures and their relationship.	0
8394894741	Physiology	study of function of a body structure, i. e. what that structure does and how it works.	1
8394904199	Chemical level	living and non-living, human body is made of Atoms and Molecules, but only the living-things make the Biomolecules we know as Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids and Nucleic acids	2
8394911561	Cellular level	Cells with similar structure , function and common origin make up a tissue	3
8394924581	Organ level	Two or more tissues working together and performing a specific function make up an organ	4
8394936115	System level	Two or more organs working together to perform a function make up an Organ system ( system)	5
8394950400	Organismal level	All organ systems working together to keep the body alive make up the Organism	6
8394958852	Integumentary system	Protection; heat regulation	7
8394963649	Skeletal system	Support and protection	8
8394967110	Muscular system	Movement and posture	9
8394972375	Nervous system	coordination and control	10
8394977562	Endocrine system	Chemical coordination via hormones	11
8394984730	Cardiovascular system	Distribution of nutrients	12
8394991200	Immune & Lymphatic system	Returns body fluid to blood; immunity	13
8394998692	Respiratory system	Intake of oxygen and removal of carbon dioxide	14
8395004323	Digestive system	Breaking down large food molecules to small absorbable molecules	15
8395013985	Urinary system	Removal of metabolic wastes	16
8395030787	Reproductive system	Maintain the continuity of life	17
8395939996	Living things characteristics:	Metabolism Responsiveness Growth Differentiation Reproduction	18
8395955618	Homeostasis is maintained via	Positive and negative feedback loops	19
8395988418	pH needed for the human body	7.4	20
8396008368	Types of membrane proteins	Integral and peripheral	21
8396032497	Concentration gradient	difference in the concentration of a chemical between one side of the plasma membrane and the other	22
8396037725	Electrical gradient	the difference in concentration of ions between one side of the plasma membrane and the other	23
8396042906	Passive processes	Simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis	24
8396062078	Active processes	Primary/Secondary transport Vesicular transport	25
8396116560	Isotonic	No change	26
8396120198	Hypotonic	Cell swells	27
8396154353	Hypertonic	Cell shrinks	28
8396168352	Exocytosis	membrane-enclosed secretory vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane and release their contents into the extracellular fluid	29
8396174758	Transcytosis	a combination of endocytosis and exocytosis used to move substances from one side of a cell, across it, and out the other side	30
8396187782	Proteasomes	destroy faulty proteins	31
8396196209	Transcription	DNA is copied onto a strand of RNA to direct protein synthesis	32
8396201613	Translation	mRNA is read to determine the amino acid sequence of a new protein	33
8396283714	Endocrine glands	Diffuse into the blood stream	34
8396295887	Exocrine glands	Empty onto a surface of a covering/lining epithelium	35
8396312243	Merocrine	Exocytosis	36
8396312244	Apocrine	Segment of the cell pinches off	37
8396319436	Holocrine	Entire cell disintegrates	38
8396334227	Connective tissue	Highly vascular, innervated, most abundant	39
8396345292	Areolar tissue	Insulation	40
8396586142	Adipose	Heat conservation, fat storage	41
8396599099	Reticular	Support of soft delicate organs	42
8396614716	Dense Regular	Tendons, ligaments, aponeuroses	43
8396620735	Dense irregular	Withstand force acting on it from different directions	44
8396635389	Elastic connective	Lung tissue, walls of large arteries	45
8396653747	Cartilage	Avascular, not innervated	46
8396667217	Hyaline cartilage	Fetal skeleton, trachea, etc	47
8396816597	Fibrocartilage	shock absorption	48
8396833588	Osteons	compact unit of bone	49
8396882499	Epiphysis	End of bone	50
8396898675	Diaphysis	Middle of bone	51
8396913335	Minerals stored in bones	Calcium and phosphorus	52
8396930129	Osteoprogenitor cells	Bone stem cells	53
8396936656	Osteoblasts	Bone-building cells	54
8396941232	Osteocytes	Mature bone cells	55
8397058827	Osteoclasts	Remodel bones and cause them to release calcium	56
8397097607	4 Bone formation situations	During embryological and fetal development When bones grow before adulthood When bones remodel When fractures heal	57
8397112505	Intramembranous ossification	occurs in flat bones when a connective tissue membrane is replaced by bone.	58
8397118193	Endochondral ossification	replaces cartilage with bone in the developing embryo and fetus	59
8397137413	Fracture	Break in a bone	60
8397144351	Healing	Reactive phase, reparative phase, bone remodeling phase	61
8397162428	PTH	released when calcium levels drop	62
8397229741	Exercise increases bone mineral density by promoting	bone formation	63
8397260918	Fissure	Narrow slit between bones	64
8397266474	Foramen	Hole of passage	65
8397271404	Fossa	Shallow depression	66
8397278918	Sulcus	Furrow on a bone	67
8397283954	Meatus	Tube-like opening	68
8397290194	Condyle	Rounded projection with a smooth articular surface	69
8397295351	Facet	Smooth, flat, slightly concave articular surface	70
8397351467	Head	supported on a neck	71
8397552810	Crest	Prominent ridge	72
8397556954	Epicondyle	Roughened projection on a condyle	73
8397561044	Line	less prominent than a ridge	74
8397561081	Spinous process	Sharp, slender projection	75
8397566422	Trochanter	Only found on the humerus	76
8397571036	Tubercle	Variably sized rounded projection	77
8397575169	Tuberosity	Variable sized projection with a rough, bumpy projection	78
8397594430	Primary vertebral curve	Thoracic	79
8397594431	Secondary vertebral curves	Lumbar and cervical	80
8397611157	C1 & C2	Yes and No; no disc in between	81
8397615524	Thoracic vertebra	Heart shape	82
8397621152	True ribs	First 7	83
8397625228	False ribs	8-12 ribs	84
8397629667	Floating ribs	Last 2	85
8397636323	Vertebral fractures happen @	C1, C2, C4-T, and T12-L2	86
8397650485	Glenoid cavity	Articulating point for the humerus	87
8397657565	Trochlea	Articulates with the ulna	88
8397664466	Capitulum	Articulates with the radius	89
8397679082	Pelvic girdle	Ilium, ischium, pubis; bones articulate at the pubic symphysis	90
8397688683	True pelvis	Inferior to pelvic brim	91
8397692740	False pelvis	Superior to pelvic brim	92
8397753923	Arches of the foot	Longitudinal arch, transverse arch	93
8397778814	Viscerocranium	Formed by bones of the face	94
8397785165	Joint	Connects 2 or more bones, teeth and bone, and cartilage and bone	95
8397794894	Synarthroses	Allow no movement	96
8397798624	Amphiarthroses	Allow little movement	97
8397798625	Diarthroses	Freely moveable	98
8397808819	Bursa	Sac-like structures filled with synovial fluid with a cushion movement of one body part over another	99
8397817604	Tendon sheaths	Tube-like bursa that wraps around tendons to reduce friction	100
8397836258	Aging effect on joints	Decreased production of synovial fluid, thinning or articular cartilage, loss of ligament length	101
8397861638	Involuntary muscle	Smooth and cardiac	102
8397867572	Voluntary muscle	Skeletal	103
8397876426	Contractile muscle protein	Myosin & actin	104
8397883133	Regulatory muscle protein	Troponin and tropomyosin	105
8397887740	Structural muscle protein	Titan, nebula, alpha-actin, myomesin, dystrophin	106
8397898602	Contraction Cycle needs	Cá2+ and ATP	107
8397909218	Excitation-contraction coupling	Once AP excites the muscle cell, Actin & myosin slide past each other	108
8397928114	Length-tension relationship	Most force happens at the optimal overlap	109
8397932367	Energy sources for muscle metabolism	Creatine phosphate Anaerobic glycolysis Cellular respiration	110
8397945940	Duration of energy from creatine phosphate	15 seconds	111
8397955780	Duration of energy from Anaerobic glycolysis	2 minutes	112
8397963761	Duration of energy from cellular respiration	several minutes to hours	113
8397966846	Muscle fatigue	Inability to maintain force of contraction after prolonged activity	114
8397974697	Central fatigue	Change in CNS causing cessation of exercise	115
8398212957	Motor unit	Somatic motor neuron and the muscles fibers it innervates	116
8398233578	Wave summation	Occurs when a second action potential triggers muscle contraction before the first has finished	117
8398241608	Isotonic muscle contraction	Tension is constant while muscle length changes	118
8398253979	Concentric (Isotonic) muscle contraction	Generates tension the muscle shortens	119
8398261290	Eccentric (Isotonic) muscle contraction	Generates tension while muscle lengthens	120
8398305141	Isometric muscle contraction	Muscle contracts but does not change length	121
8398312539	Hypertrophy	Increase in size of a muscle by increasing the number of sarcomeres	122
8398318954	Hyperplasia	Change in type of FG to FOG by endurance training= increase in diameter, mitochondria, and blood supply	123
8398364253	Fascicular arrangement is correlated with:	Amount of power a muscle can produce & total distance a muscle can shorten	124
8398375290	Parallel Fascicular arrangement	Greatest shortening	125
8398379356	Convergent Fascicular arrangement	Less shortening	126
8398383076	Pennate	Least shortening, but more power	127
8398394445	Circular	Sphincters	128
8398429374	Origin	Immovable	129
8398438310	Insertion	Moveable	130
8398453912	Agonist (Or Prime mover)	Contraction is responsible for the movement	131
8398469278	Antagonist	Action opposes that the agonist	132
8398474267	Synergist	Contraction helps the agonist effect the movement, or prevents movement of another joint	133
8398755110	Muscles of mastication	Masseteter, temporalis, buccinator, orbicularis oris, medial pterygoid, lateral pterygoid	134
8398807681	Neurons are based on	Number of processes extending from the cell body	135
8398821643	Neuroglia	Support and protection	136
8398831858	Myelin sheath	Surround axons of nerve cells PNS- Schwann cells CNS- Oligodendrocytes	137
8398841523	White matter	Myelinated portion	138
8398845700	Grey portion	Unmyelinated portion	139
8398852365	Action potential travel lengths	Long and short lengths	140
8398864438	Graded potential travel lengths	only short distances	141
8398868928	Leakage channels	Alternate between open and closed	142
8398878469	K+ channels compared to Na+ channels	K+ channels are more numerous	143
8399270715	Ligand-gated channels respond to what?	Chemical stimuli	144
8399279558	Mechanically gated channels respond to what?	Mechanical stimuli or pressure stimuli	145
8399287177	Voltage gated channels repsond to what?	Direct changes in membrane potential	146
8399294940	Action potential	Sequence of rapidly occurring events that decrease and eventually reverse the membrane potential and restore it to the resting state	147
8399313483	Electrical synapse	Gap junctions connect cells and allow the transfer of information to synchronize the activity of a group of cells	148
8399320816	Chemical synapse	One-way transfer of information from a presynaptic neuron to a postsynaptic neuron	149
8399336063	Plasticity	Capability to change based experience	150
8399340190	Regenerate	Capability to replicate or repair	151

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