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7996524256MeccaCity in western arabia0
7996524257MuhammadArab prophet; founder of religion of Islam.1
7996524258Muslima believer or follower of Islam2
7996524259Islamthe religion of Muslims collectively which governs their civilization and way of life3
7996524260MedinaCity in western Arabia; Muhammad and his followers emigrated in 622 to escape persecution4
7996524261UmmaThe term for all Muslims as a community.5
7996524262CaliphateIsmalic ruler6
7996524263QuranThe holy book of Islam7
7996524264Shi'itesGod vest leadership8
7996524265Umayyad CaliphateFirst hereditary dynasty of Muslim caliphs9
7996524266SunnisPolitical and theological division within Islam; supported the Umayyads10
7996524267Abbasid Caliphatedescendants of Muhammad's uncle, al-Abbas; overthrew Umayyad Caliphate11
7996524268MamluksMuslim slave warriors; established dynasty in Egypt; led by Baibars defeated Mongols in 126012
7996524269GhanaFirst known kingdom in sub-Saharan West Africa between the sixth and thirteenth centuries C.E.13
7996524270Ulamaslegal scholars of islam14
7996524271HadithTraditional records of the deeds of Muhammad, and his quotations15
7996524272Charlemagne1st Holy Roman Emperor16
7996524273medievalAnother name for the Middle Ages.17
7996524274Byzantine EmpireEastern half of the Roman Empire that survived the fall of the Western half.18
7996524275Kievan RussiaState established at Kiev in Ukraine19
7996524276schismdivision20
7996524277Manorin medieval Europe, an agricultural estate that a lord ran and peasants worked21
7996524278SerfAn agricultural laborer legally bound22
7996524279Fiefland granted by a lord to a vassal in exchange for loyalty and service23
7996524280VassalA knight who promised to support a lord in exchange for land24
7996524281PapacyThe central administration of the Roman Catholic Church, of which the pope is the head.25
7996524282Holy Roman Empirethe lands ruled by Charlemagne26
7996524283Investiture controversydispute over who would control the appointment of church officials27
7996524284MonasticismThe practice of living the life of a monk28
7996524285horse collarharnessing method that increased the efficiency of horses29
7996524286CrusadesA long series of wars between Christians and Muslims in Southwest Asia30
7996524287PilgrimageA journey to a place considered sacred for religious purposes.31

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