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| 11593752279 | Belgium | Flanders v French Brussels is French but in the Flanders area (keeps them together) | 0 | |
| 11593752280 | Language | Set of mutually intelligible sounds and symbols that are used for communication | 1 | |
| 11593752281 | Language reflects and shapes | Culture. Binds it together | 2 | |
| 11593752282 | Language shows | Where a culture has been How people think How people perceive the world | 3 | |
| 11593752283 | Standard language | Most more developed countries have one People in power decide it -forces assimilation for colonized people, including switching laguages | 4 | |
| 11593752284 | Dialect | Varieties of a standard language | 5 | |
| 11593752285 | Dialect is distinguished by | Vocabulary Syntax (way phrases are put together) Pronunciation (accents) | 6 | |
| 11593752286 | Dialect chain | Dialects near each other are more similar Dialects become less intelligible over distance due to less interaction | 7 | |
| 11593752287 | mutually intelligible | Two people can understand each other when speaking due to close relationships between dialects or languages (Portuguese and Spanish) | 8 | |
| 11593752288 | Who determines who is speaking correctly | People in power | 9 | |
| 11593752289 | Language families | A group of related languages that developed from a common historic ancestor | 10 | |
| 11593752290 | Proto-Indo-European (PIE) | Largest language family (European colonization) Backward reconstruction linguistics theorize it began near the Black Sea or East Central Europe | 11 | |
| 11593752291 | Subfamilies | divisions within a language family where the commonalities are more definite and the origin is more recent | 12 | |
| 11593752292 | Most spoken language | Chinese | 13 | |
| 11593752293 | Afro-Asiatic | A nostratic language- no one speaks it anymore | 14 | |
| 11593752294 | Why language is always changing | Errors Linguistic divergence- when speakers are seperated | 15 | |
| 11593752295 | Indo-European languages in Europe | Germanic Romantic Slovick | 16 | |
| 11593752296 | Backward reconstruction | Tracing how languages fit together by comparing current languages and working backward -similarities and differences in current words | 17 | |
| 11593752297 | language divergence | When people move apart it breaks the language into dialects and potentially new languages | 18 | |
| 11593752298 | language convergence | Two languages merging together because of lots of interaction | 19 | |
| 11593752299 | Extinction | No more interaction between dead languages and new ones | 20 | |
| 11593752300 | William Jones (finding the heath) | Looked for similarities/differences between words Found similarities between Sanskrit, Ancient Greek and Latin. -believed they must have come from the same source | 21 | |
| 11593752301 | Jakob Grimm | -Sound shifts may prove relationships among languages -Similar but not identical consonants -overtime consonants change hard to soft --backward reconstruction (soft to hard) | 22 | |
| 11606191294 | Kurgan theory- language diffusion of PIE | Black/Caspian Sea Hearth Diffused through conquest Divergence of language east to west in Europe | 23 | |
| 11606191295 | Renfrew hypothesis- language diffusion of PIE | Anatolian (Turkey) hearth Diffused peacefully via agriculture | 24 | |
| 11606191296 | Oppenheimer theory- language diffusion of PIE | Indian hearth -genetic evidence used to show earlier hearth is central Africa -PIE hearth is India -predates the other theories | 25 | |
| 11606191297 | Lingua Franca | -Language used among speakers of different languages for the purpose of trade and commerce -can be a mix of languages | 26 | |
| 11606191298 | Pidgin Language | Combined and simplified languages (informal) | 27 | |
| 11606191299 | Creole language | A pidgin language that developed more complex vocab and structure. Becomes a native language (Swahili, creole) | 28 | |
| 11606191300 | Language and place | -part of the cultural landscape- tells a history of a place --roots in migration, movement, interactions -place names are toponyms -countries/cultures may disagree over names of places --power relationship (bull run/ manadas) | 29 | |
| 11610468812 | Descriptivism | How a language is actually spoken/written | 30 | |
| 11610468813 | Precriptivism | Correct way the language should be spoken (grammatically rules) | 31 | |
| 11610468814 | Who resists language change | Higher class/ socially dominant, to avoid affiliation with subordinate groups and maintain social distinction through language | 32 |
