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| 12365917015 | Shay's Rebellion | Uprising of farmers in MA against taxes. Was important because showed that the Articles of Confederation did not work and needed to be either revised (Anti Federalists) or gotten rid of and replaced (Federalists) | 0 | |
| 12365917016 | Articles of Confederation | 1st Constitution of the U.S. 1781-1788 (weaknesses-no executive, no judicial, no power to tax, no power to regulate trade) | 1 | |
| 12365917017 | NJ, VA, CT plan Great Compromise (CT) | - Creates Congress. - Benefits small states(NJ) because of Senate and large states(VA) because of House Bicameral legislature | 2 | |
| 12365917018 | 3/5 compromise | the decision at the Constitutional convention to count slaves as 3/5 of a person for the purpose of deciding the population and determining how many seats each state would have in Congress | 3 | |
| 12365917019 | Brutus I | Anti-Federalists discouraging constitution, Main concerns about constitution: Gov w/ uncontrollable power, Necessary & proper clause, Supremacy Clause | 4 | |
| 12365917020 | Federalists Papers | This collection of essays by John Jay, Alexander Hamilton, and James Madison, explained the importance of a strong central government. It was published to convince New York to ratify the Constitution. | 5 | |
| 12365917021 | Federalist 10 | Topic = factions (interest groups); minority factions controlled by majority; majority faction controlled by greater size of USA + virtuous leaders | 6 | |
| 12365917022 | Federalist 51 | Separation of powers & checks & balances protects against tyranny. US is so big with so many diverse ideas that no political party will ever be dominant over the rest | 7 | |
| 12365917023 | Federalist 70 | Thought there should be a single Executive because it would be more stable and easier for the people to keep up with. Energy and executive, duration of term, unity | 8 | |
| 12365917024 | Federalist 78 | discusses the power of judicial review. It argues that the federal courts have the duty to determine whether acts of Congress are constitutional and to follow the Constitution when there is inconsistency. Hamilton viewed this as a protection against abuse of power by Congress. | 9 | |
| 12365917025 | Philosophy of Locke | a philosophy describing certain natural rights granted to people which the government cannot restrict | 10 | |
| 12365917026 | Philosophy of Rousseau | a philosophy describing a social contract between government and the governed, where the governed yield rights to authority in exchange for aid from the government | 11 | |
| 12365917027 | Philosophy of Madison | Large republic to prevent mob rule and factions | 12 | |
| 12365917028 | Tyranny of the Majority | the suppression of minority opinions by those voted into power by the majority | 13 | |
| 12365917029 | Pluralist Democracy | nongovernmental groups organize to try to exert influence on political decision making (think interest groups - a group of people that seeks to influence public policy on the basis of a particular common interest or concern [NRA, unions]) | 14 | |
| 12365917030 | Elite Democracy | elected representatives who are making decisions and act as trustees for the people who elected them (take voters trust and do what they think is best for the voters) | 15 | |
| 12365917031 | participatory democracy | requires direct participation of many (if not most) people in the society | 16 | |
| 12365917032 | Amendment 1 | People have the right to religion, freedom of speech, freedom of the press, freedom of assembly, and the right to petition the government (1791) | 17 | |
| 12365917033 | Amendment 2 | Right to bear arms | 18 | |
| 12365917034 | Amendment 3 | No quartering of soldiers without consent, even in times of war | 19 | |
| 12365917035 | Amendment 4 | The government cannot arrest a person or search their property unless there is "probable cause" | 20 | |
| 12365917036 | Amendment 5 | The government must follow the law (due process) before punishing a person | 21 | |
| 12365917037 | Amendment 6 | A person has the right to a fair and speedy trial by jury | 22 | |
| 12365917038 | Amendment 7 | A person has the right to a jury for civil cases | 23 | |
| 12365917039 | Amendment 8 | The government cannot demand excessive bail or fines, or any cruel and unusual punishment | 24 | |
| 12365917040 | Amendment 9 | The Constitution does not include all of the rights of the people and the states | 25 | |
| 12365917041 | Amendment 10 | Any powers that the Constitution does not give to the federal government belong to the states | 26 | |
| 12365917042 | Unicameral | One-house legislature | 27 | |
| 12365917043 | Bicameral | Two house legislature | 28 | |
| 12365917044 | Article 1 | Article of the Constitution that defines the Legislative Branch, it's powers, members, and workings. | 29 | |
| 12365917045 | Article 2 | Article of the Constitution that defines the Executive Branch, it's powers, duties, and means of removal. | 30 | |
| 12365917046 | Article 3 | Article of the Constitution that sets up the Judicial Branch and defines treason. | 31 | |
| 12365917047 | Article 4 | Article of the Constitution that regulates the states' powers, and their interaction with the National government. | 32 | |
| 12365917048 | Article 5 | The Constitution can be changed. New amendments can be added to the US Constitution with the approval by a two-thirds vote in each house of the Congress (67, 281) and three-fourth vote by the states (38). | 33 | |
| 12365917049 | Article 6 | The Constitution and federal laws are higher than state and local laws. All laws must agree with the US Constitution. | 34 | |
| 12365917050 | Article 7 | The Constitution was presented to George Washington and the men at the Constitutional Convention on September 17, 1787. Representatives from twelve out of the thirteen original states signed the Constitution. From September 1787 to July 1788, the states met, talked about, and finally voted to approve the Constitution. | 35 | |
| 12365917051 | Supremacy Clause (Article 6, section 2) | Federal law takes precedence over state law. This clause prohibits states from interfering with the federal government's exercise of its constitutional powers and taking powers that belong to the federal government. However, federal government can't veto/review state laws before they are put into place | 36 | |
| 12365917052 | Full Faith and Credit Clause(Article 4, section 1) | States have to respect the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings/rulings in other states. Judicial decisions made by a court in one state have to be recognized and honored in every other state. ****prevents parties from moving to another state to escape enforcement of a judgement | 37 | |
| 12365917053 | Elastic Clause(necessary and proper, Article 1, section 8) | Gives the Congress the power to make all laws necessary for executing its other powers and those of the federal government as a whole | 38 | |
| 12365917054 | Commerce Clause (Article 1, section 8) | Empowers Congress to regulate interstate commerce and commerce with foreign countries. Forms the constitutional basis for much federal regulation****Gibbons vs. Ogden | 39 | |
| 12365917055 | Establishment Clause (Amendment 1) | a clause in the U.S. Constitution forbidding Congress from establishing a state religion or prohibiting free practice of religion. second part: Free Exercise Clause, which guarantees freedom from governmental interference in both private and public religious affairs of all kinds (preferring one religion over another). | 40 | |
| 12365917056 | Democracy v. Republic | Democracy - people vote for laws directly, Republic - people vote to elect representatives who vote on law (also called representative democracy) | 41 | |
| 12365917057 | Referendum | when laws are voted on directly by the people (ex: #2 in the 2016 election) | 42 | |
| 12365917058 | Judicial Review | Power of the courts, especially the Supreme Court, to declare laws of Congress, laws of the states, and actions of the president unconstitutional and invalid. | 43 | |
| 12365917059 | Checks and Balances | A system that allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the other branches in order to prevent abuse of power |  | 44 |
| 12365917060 | Antifederalists | Opponents of ratification of the Constitution and of a strong central government, generally. | 45 | |
| 12365917061 | Federalists | A term used to describe supporters of the Constitution during ratification debates in state legislatures. | 46 | |
| 12365917062 | Grants | A sum of money given by a certain organization, especially the government, for a certain reason or cause | 47 | |
| 12365917063 | delegated powers | Powers specifically given to the federal government by the US Constitution, for example, the authority to print money. | 48 | |
| 12365917064 | reserve powers | All powers not specifically delegated to the national government by the Constitution, and are therefore held by the states | 49 | |
| 12365917065 | concurrent powers | Powers held jointly by the national and state governments. | 50 | |
| 12365917066 | Dual Federalism | Power is divided clearly between both national gov and state govs. The power of national gov is narrowly interpreted, more enumerated and less implied (strict constructionist) | 51 | |
| 12365917067 | Cooperative Federalism | State and national gov share more powers. Sharing of money, cost being shared between state and federal gov. -Federal gov will give money to states and tell them they can spend it on things, but only if done certain way (improve education, highways). --Raise drinking age to receive highway money | 52 | |
| 12365917068 | Enumerated powers | Powers specifically given to Congress in the Constitution; including the power to collect taxes, coin money, regulate foreign and interstate commerce, and declare war. | 53 | |
| 12365917069 | Implied powers | Not directly said in constitution but are inferred, often by judicial branch (Mccullough vs Maryland) | 54 | |
| 12365917070 | Strict Constructionist | Jefferson and followers, believed in enumerated powers, gov should only be able to do thing constitution directly says they can | 55 | |
| 12365917071 | Loose Constructionist | Hamilton and followers, believed in implied powers, sees constitution as outline to be branched off of, believes in expanded power of central gov | 56 | |
| 12365917072 | Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) | commerce clause - broadened federal govs right to regulate commerce(trade). Case was about waterways (hudson river) and who gets control of them | 57 | |
| 12365917073 | McColloch v. Maryland | established supremacy of US constitution and federal laws over states laws. Necessary and Proper clause - in order to tax you (enumerated power) you need a bank that federal gov creates (implied power) | 58 | |
| 12365917074 | Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 | banned discrimination against the disabled in employment and mandated easy access to all public and commercial buildings. Federal gov made public sector buildings and transportation systems accessible for those with disabilities. Cities/state buildings needed to have handicapable features and install lifts for wheelchairs. very expensive for states | 59 | |
| 12365917075 | Mandates | official order, often regarding civil rights or environmental concerns, from the government requiring complyment. Federal mandates sometimes offer a reward of funds to ensure complyment. | 60 | |
| 12365917076 | Amendment Process | step 1: amendment proposed by 2/3 vote of both houses of congress OR a constitutional convention called by congress on petition of 2/3 out of 50 states. THEN amendment ratified by 3/4 of the 50 state legislatures OR 3/4 of special constitutional conventions called by 50 states THEN the new amendment! | 61 | |
| 12365978994 | Gatekeeper | they control what info makes it as news (signaling) | 62 | |
| 12365978995 | Scorekeeper | -media reports on polls for elections -Focus on who is in lead or projected to win elections (horse race journalism) | 63 | |
| 12365978996 | "Horse-Race" Journalism | news coverage that focuses on who is ahead rather than on the issues | 64 | |
| 12365978997 | watchdog | Media reports on scandals, major issues, and fact check | 65 | |
| 12365978998 | linkage institution | a structure within a society that connects the people to the government or centralized authority | 66 | |
| 12365978999 | types of media | Print (newspapers, magazines) Broadcasting (tv, radio) | 67 | |
| 12365979000 | how media has changed over time | cable news has turned news to be 24 hour updates narrowcasting - appeal to smaller audience of same viewed individuals yellow journalism - newspapers writing exaggerated stories to sell more copies -broadcasting puts people more 'close' to pres and gov than ever (FDR started) -early newspapers began to spread news further than just one area | 68 | |
| 12365979001 | Federal Comunications Commision (FCC) | -regulates communication by telephone, tv and radio, etc -give licenses for media broadcasting companies | 69 | |
| 12365979002 | NYT vs US | NYT published libel (printed lies) against president Lyndon Johnson Gov said they couldn't do this Supreme court: freedom of press, can print whatever as long as no malice involved | 70 | |
| 12365979003 | NYT vs Sullivan | -Pentagon papers were leaked to public and printed in press (7000 pages with info of vietnam war that was hid from public) Supreme Court: Gov couldn't do anything about it because can't interfere with what press releases as long as no malice, can't oversee what's in newspaper | 71 | |
| 12365979004 | Bully pulpit | President is center of attention and can use his status to monopolize media messaging (started with Teddy Roosevelt) | 72 | |
| 12365979005 | agenda setting | -President changing the policy discussion to desired topic -Used to change the subject usually during a controversy (job of press secretary, what pres talks about in state of the union) | 73 | |
| 12365979006 | media concentration | The gathering of ownership of newspapers and other media in the hands of a few large corporations -allows these corporations to control what public sees and doesn't -views are more focused and bias towards those smaller views | 74 | |
| 12365979007 | how to run a successful poll | -Has random sample (insures accuracy) -Have representative sample (random sample should reflect society as a whole) -Mass Survey - Large sample size/low margin of error (below or around 3% error) -Wording of question is unbiased/not leading | 75 | |
| 12365979008 | margin of error | a measure of the accuracy of a public opinion poll -good poll has 3-4% or less margin of error | 76 | |
| 12365979009 | exit polls vs tracking polls | exit poll - collect demographic data, Used to project winner of elections and why people voted the way that they did tracking poll - follows a question over time to see how attitudes change, An example is presidential approval | 77 | |
| 12366045613 | Political socialization | the process by which people gain their political attitudes and opinions (family, society, school, media) | 78 | |
| 12366055091 | opinion polls | poll measuring public opinion an a topic or issue | 79 | |
| 12366059429 | benchmark/tracking polls | poll measuring popularity of candidate or official | 80 | |
| 12366064874 | entrance and exit polls | poll at voting locations, can show how people vote based on characteristics like race, gender, etc. | 81 | |
| 12366086561 | focus group | small group of people asked specific questions | 82 | |
| 12366099818 | sampling error | error in a poll interfering with the accuracy of the results | 83 | |
| 12366115527 | immigration | liberals: open towards, more giving towards illegal immigrants conservatives: strongly against illegal immigration | 84 | |
| 12366135201 | death penalty | liberals: oppose use conservatives: support use | 85 | |
| 12366139790 | gay marriage | liberals: believe should be legal conservatives: oppose legalization | 86 | |
| 12366147102 | Legalizing Marijuana | liberals: in favor of legalization conservatives: oppose legalization | 87 | |
| 12366154728 | military spending | liberals: want to spend less here conservatives: want to spend more here | 88 | |
| 12366161257 | social security | liberals: want to expand program conservatives: want to privatize social security | 89 | |
| 12366168793 | Affirmative Action | liberals: support conservatives: oppose | 90 | |
| 12366173741 | gov spending | liberals: increase gov spending conservatives: lower gov spending | 91 | |
| 12366178037 | taxes | liberals: higher taxes, wealthy taxed more conservatives: lower taxes, all people taxed the same | 92 | |
| 12366184084 | abortion | liberals: pro-choice conservatives: pro-life | 93 | |
| 12366188403 | international relations | liberals: want better relations with other countries conservatives: want more military intervention with relations | 94 | |
| 12366206386 | Keynesian economics | gov should change economic policy based on economic environment - in recession, gov should lower taxes to allow more economic activity, and gov should increase spending to stimulate economy - in thriving economy gov should decrease spending since these programs no longer needed and increase taxes because revenue can be taken from economy w/out major consequences | 95 | |
| 12366244244 | Monetary policy | how the gov manages currency - gov controls value of dollar and inflation based on how much money is made and distributed | 96 | |
| 12366251690 | Fiscal policy | how the gov manages finances - gov makes budget plan to track how much they believe they have to spend | 97 | |
| 12366384285 | supply-side theory | -gov should leave as much of money supply with people as possible -people will have more, spend more, boosting economy -gov still earns lots from taxes collected in spending -people will invest more, and put more into economy | 98 | |
| 12366472880 | discount rate | rate at which gov loans dollars to commercial banks | 99 | |
| 12366472881 | reserve requirements | regulates how much cash commercial banks must always have in vault | 100 | |
| 12366477252 | federal reserve system | central bank of US, set monetary policy - buy and sell securities control: bond rates, discount rate, and reserve requirements | 101 | |
| 12366597299 | liberals on taxes | -more taxes on wealthy and companies -more welfare -increase minimum wage -increase gov spending | 102 | |
| 12366624166 | conservatives on taxes | -less taxes and tax all the same -less welfare -decrease minimum wage -decrease gov spending | 103 | |
| 12366637988 | libertarians on taxes | -less taxes -cut welfare -decrease minimum wage -decrease gov spending (want same as conservatives, but more drastically) | 104 | |
| 12366658983 | liberals on social issues | gov should be involved more with social issues - pro-choice, legalize gay marriage, oppose death penalty, more gun control | 105 | |
| 12366708510 | conservatives on social issues | gov should be involved in social issues less, focus on protecting rights - pro-life, don't allow gay marriage, support death penalty, less gun control | 106 | |
| 12366719556 | libertarians on social issues | gov should not at all be involved in social issues - pro-life, gov should not at all be involved in marriage (legalize gay marriage), oppose death penalty, want less gun control | 107 | |
| 12366790909 | 15th amendment | Citizens cannot be denied the right to vote because of race, color , or precious condition of servitude | 108 | |
| 12366790910 | 17th amendment | Established the direct election of senators (instead of being chosen by state legislatures) | 109 | |
| 12366790911 | 19th amendment | Gave women the right to vote | 110 | |
| 12366794493 | 24th amendment | Abolishes poll taxes | 111 | |
| 12366794494 | 26th amendment | Lowered the voting age from 21 to 18 | 112 | |
| 12366797610 | Voting Rights Act of 1965 | a law designed to help end formal and informal barriers to African-American suffrage in voting | 113 | |
| 12366797611 | motor voter law | this was a law to encourage more people to participate in voting. This allowed people to register to vote while they renewed their license. | 114 | |
| 12366800575 | rational-choice voting | Voting based on what is perceived to be in the citizen's individual interest | 115 | |
| 12366800576 | retrospective voting | voting for a candidate because you like his or her past actions in office | 116 | |
| 12366800577 | prospective voting | voting based on the imagined future performance of a candidate | 117 | |
| 12366804964 | party-line voting | process in which voters select candidates by their party affiliation | 118 | |
| 12366811133 | state gov governing of elections | -set times, dates, locations -certifies election results -draws congressional district lines -choose format of acceptable ballots and how to file for candidacy | 119 | |
| 12366811134 | federal gov controlling of elections | -has judicial jurisdiction on election policy -enforces relevant civil rights legislation -sets date for fed & general elections -administers & enforces campaign finance rules -address suffrage in constitutional amendments | 120 | |
| 12366853488 | demographics | statistical data relating to the population and particular groups within it. | 121 | |
| 12366856799 | political efficacy | The belief that one's political participation makes a difference. | 122 | |
| 12366856800 | electorate | All of the people entitled to vote in a given election | 123 | |
| 12366864005 | party identification impact on election | people vote in line with party | 124 | |
| 12366868307 | ideological orientation impact on election | people vote for candidates with similar political values as them | 125 | |
| 12366868308 | candidate characteristics impact on election | people vote for candidates they are comfortable with as people | 126 | |
| 12366873784 | contemporary political issues impact on election | people are more focused on current issues and are interested to see how politicians stand on these topics | 127 | |
| 12366879979 | 4 linkage institutions | media - news people receive inform them of what is happening in gov interest groups - tell people what is happening and try to influence how they feel about gov political parties - dictate how people see gov cause people will often see in line with party elections - people pay attention to election results and polling | 128 | |
| 12366887997 | critical election | An election when significant groups of voters change their traditional patterns of party loyalty. | 129 | |
| 12366887998 | realignment | A process in which a substantial group of voters switches party allegiance, producing a long-term change in the political landscape. | 130 | |
| 12366892053 | divided gov | one party controls the White House and another party controls one or both houses of Congress | 131 | |
| 12366897454 | winner take all voting | the candidate with the most votes in a state wins all of the delegates from that state | 132 | |
| 12366908490 | single issue groups influence in elections | single issue groups will be focused on one thing very specifically, making it hard for an interest group to overtake in this category | 133 | |
| 12366914498 | ideological/social movements influence in elections | people have very strong beliefs in society that a lot of effort out of interest groups are needed to sway beliefs | 134 | |
| 12366918084 | protest movements influence in elections | people protest based on current events, so interest groups must stay up to date with these and appeal to protesters | 135 | |
| 12366918085 | incumbency advantage phenomenon | president that has just served in office has higher chance of being put back in office since people are more familiar with him | 136 | |
| 12366921271 | open primary | A primary election in which voters may choose in which party to vote as they enter the polling place | 137 | |
| 12366921272 | closed primary | A primary in which only registered members of a particular political party can vote | 138 | |
| 12366921273 | caucus vs. primary | - A caucus is a system of local gatherings where voters decide which candidate to support and select delegates for nominating conventions. - A primary is a statewide voting process in which voters cast secret ballots for their preferred candidates. | 139 | |
| 12366925333 | party conventions | meetings of party delegates called to nominate candidates for office and establish party agendas | 140 | |
| 12366925334 | party delegates vs superdelegates | party delegates - represent voters at party convention superdelegates - famous people in party that place votes based off of just their opinion (obama, clinton, sanders for dems.) | 141 | |
| 12366935945 | electoral college | system used to elect president, candidate receiving 270 electorates first wins election. same number of electorates as members of congress -12th amendment | 142 | |
| 12366942554 | PAC | Political Action Committee - group collecting money and giving it to favorable candidates - can receive and give only a certain amount of money | 143 | |
| 12366942555 | Super PAC | a type of independent political action committee which may raise unlimited sums of money from corporations, unions, and individuals but is not permitted to contribute to or coordinate directly with parties or candidates. | 144 | |
| 12366946104 | soft money | Campaign contributions unregulated by federal or state law, usually given to parties and party committees to help fund general party activities. | 145 | |
| 12366946105 | hard money | Political contributions given to a party, candidate, or interest group that are limited in amount and fully disclosed. | 146 | |
| 12366946106 | issue ads | ads that focus on issues and do not explicitly encourage citizens to vote for a certain candidate | 147 | |
| 12366949699 | Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002 | banned soft money contributions to national political parties from corporations and unions; independent expenditures by corporations, labor unions, trade associations, and nonprofit organizations are sharply restricted | 148 | |
| 12366949700 | Citizens United v. FEC (2010) | corporations have a 1st Amendment right to expressly support or oppose political candidates for Congress and the White House | 149 | |
| 12366962633 | investigative journalism | the use of in-depth reporting to unearth scandals, scams, and schemes, at times putting reporters in adversarial relationships with political leaders | 150 | |
| 12366962634 | election coverage | 151 | ||
| 12366962635 | political commentary | Offers opinions on political issues, building arguments on evidence and assumptions | 152 | |
| 12371055506 | natural rights | Life, Liberty, and Property (John Locke) | 153 | |
| 12371061302 | popular sovereignty | A belief that ultimate power resides in the people and that they can change gov if they do not like it | 154 | |
| 12371063775 | republicanism | the belief that government should be based on the consent of the people. denounces monarchy, prevents tyranny of majority (what USA is based on) | 155 | |
| 12371133552 | Formally vs Informally amend constitution | formally - adding amendment informally - changes in society that result in judges reinterpreting over time | 156 | |
| 12371161758 | reasons for impeachment | bribes, treason, high crimes & misdemeanors | 157 | |
| 12371168625 | Impeachment Process | 1. House passes articles of impeachment by majority 2. Senate tries and 2/3 must convict where VP is senate judge | 158 | |
| 12371190466 | categorical grants | Federal grants for specific purposes, such as building an airport | 159 | |
| 12371190467 | block grants | Federal grants given with no specific thing to be used on | 160 | |
| 12371195926 | federal revenue sharing | government gives an amount of it revenue (tax, etc.) back to its states. | 161 | |
| 12371198652 | incentives | gov asks states to do something, will give them money in return | 162 | |
| 12371213407 | 14th Amendment | Declares that all persons born in the U.S. are citizens and are guaranteed equal protection of the laws | 163 | |
| 12371222882 | McCulloch v. Maryland | Supreme Court ruling (1819) confirming the supremacy of national over state government (supremacy clause) -McCulloch was a federal banker and refused to pay taxes given by state of Maryland -Maryland claimed they had right to tax any business in their state -Also ruled that congress can create national bank (elastic clause - need to tax, enumerated power, so create national bank to do that, implied power | 164 | |
| 12371351311 | US vs. Lopez | -Lopez brings gun to school, district court convicts him for violating gun free school zones act -on appeal, Lopez claimed that gun free school zones act interfered with commerce clause -Lopez wins case, ruled unconstitutional -many argued that commerce clause gave gov too much power after this case | 165 | |
| 12371839903 | Madisonian Nightmare | Madison's fear that we are living in a society where the executive branch of government has far too much power | 166 | |
| 12371839904 | Senatorial Saucer | makes sure that nothing can quickly be put through the government without careful consideration, making sure everything being passed is what is correct -It puts more control on the executive branch -Censors more things being put through by executive branch | 167 | |
| 13714041433 | House Details | -435 members -25 years old minimum -7 year citizenship requirement -2 year term length - | 168 |
