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| 13844600578 | participatory democracy | a theory of democracy that holds that citizens should actively and directly control all aspects of their lives -emphasizes broad participation in politics and civil society at various levels of socioeconomic status -not direct, citizen influence not make | 0 | |
| 13844614863 | pluralist democracy | a theory of democracy that holds that citizen membership in groups is the key to political power -model of democracy in which no one group dominates politics and organized groups compete with each other to influence policy | 1 | |
| 13844628322 | elite democracy | model of democracy in which a small number of people, usually those who are wealthy and well-educated, influence political decision making. -discourage participation by the majority of citizens | 2 | |
| 13844643898 | Republicanism/Representative Democracy | A form of government in which people elect representatives to create and enforce laws -serving at the will of the people. The government is based on consent of the governed. -individual liberty and God-given rights -rejects aristocracy -broad-based civic participation | 3 | |
| 13844673149 | Popular Sovereignty | authority of the government is created and sustained by the consent of the people through elected reps | 4 | |
| 13845064952 | Articles of Confederation strengths | -set precedent of federalism (states and government share governing responsibilities) -negotiated the treaty that ended the revolutionary war -established the Northwest Ordinance, creating methods by which new states would enter the union | 5 | |
| 13845081073 | Articles of Confederation weaknesses | •weak union (central gov.) •lacked power to tax (depen on state leg) •could not regulate trade •no executive (enforce law)/judicial (interpret law) -could not draft soldiers -couldnt pay off debt -no control interstate trade -no national currency -needed unanimity to amend the Articles -9/13 to pass legislation | 6 | |
| 13845164182 | Annapolis Convention | A convention held in September 1786 to consider problems of trade and navigation, attended by five states and important because it issued the call to Congress and the states for what became the Constitutional Convention | 7 | |
| 13845169159 | Shay's Rebellion | Rebellion led by Daniel Shays of farmers in western Massachusetts in 1786-1787, protesting mortgage foreclosures. It highlighted the need for a strong national government just as the call for the Constitutional Convention went out. | 8 | |
| 13845172096 | Constitutional Convention | The meeting of state delegates in 1787 in Philadelphia called to revise the Articles of Confederation. It instead designed a new plan of government, the US Constitution. | 9 | |
| 13845200832 | Virginia Plan | "Large state" proposal for the new constitution, calling for proportional representation in both houses of a bicameral Congress. -power/representation based on population | 10 | |
| 13845208881 | New Jersey Plan | A constitutional proposal that would have given each state one vote in a new congress | 11 | |
| 13845213541 | Great Compromise | representation by population in the House of Representatives, and equal representation would exist in the Senate. Each state, regardless of size, would have 2 senators. -All tax bills and revenues would originate in the House. -bicameral legislature | 12 | |
| 13845224952 | Three-Fifths Compromise | Agreement that each slave counted as three-fifths of a person in determining representation in the House for representation and taxation purposes (negated by the 13th amendment) -slavery cant be tampered with until 1808 -fugitive slave clause | 13 | |
| 13845939517 | Federalist 10 | An essay composed by James Madison which argues that liberty is safest in a large republic because many interests (factions) exist. Such diversity makes tyranny by the majority more difficult since ruling coalitions will always be unstable. -Topic = factions (interest groups); minority factions controlled by majority; majority faction controlled by greater size of USA + virtuous leaders | 14 | |
| 13845993956 | Federalist 51 | Separation of powers & checks & balances protects against tyranny | 15 | |
| 13845993957 | Federalist 70 | Alexander Hamilton 1788; small states want plural executive. He thought there should be a single Executive because it would be more stable and easier for the people to keep up with. Energy and executive, duration of term, unity | 16 | |
| 13845996567 | Federalist 78 | written by Alexander Hamilton; talks about the federal judiciary; judiciary must depend on other two branches to uphold its decisions | 17 | |
| 13846006064 | Necessary and Proper Clause (Elastic Clause) | A clause in Article I, section 8, of the Constitution that gives Congress the power to do whatever it deems necessary and constitutional to meet its enumerated obligations; the basis for the implied powers. | 18 | |
| 13846013445 | executive order | A rule issued by the president that has the force of law -the executive power shall be vested in a President of The US | 19 | |
| 13846020535 | executive agreement | A formal agreement between the U.S. president and the leaders of other nations that does not require Senate approval. -same element as treaties | 20 | |
| 13846150572 | Gideon v. Ogden | -court ruled that NY could not grant a company a monopoly on waterway even though it run through NY -increased federal power over interstate commerce by implying that anything concerning interstate trade could potentially be regulated by the fed gov | 21 | |
| 13846195609 | Delegated or enumerated powers | Powers specifically mentioned in the Constitution as belonging to the national government. -printing money -regulating interstate and international trade -treaties and foreign policy -declaring war | 22 | |
| 13846203468 | reserved powers | Powers given to the state government alone -10th amendment -issue licenses -regulation of state business -responsibility to run and pay for federal elections | 23 | |
| 13846212715 | concurrent powers | -collect taxes -build roads -operate courts of law -borrow money | 24 | |
| 13846230212 | Full Faith and Credit Clause | Section of Article IV of the Constitution that ensures judicial decrees and contracts made in one state will be binding and enforceable in any other state. -Constitution's requirement that each state accept the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other state -married in one state so marred in all | 25 | |
| 13846237924 | Privileges and Immunities Clause | prevents a state from treating citizens of other states in a discriminatory manner. | 26 | |
| 13846241011 | Extradition | states must return fugitives to the states from which they have fled | 27 | |
| 13846247621 | Dual Federalism | A system of government in which both the states and the national government remain supreme within their own spheres, each responsible for some policies. | 28 | |
| 13846348467 | Mapp v. Ohio | Established the exclusionary rule was applicable to the states (evidence seized illegally cannot be used in court) | 29 | |
| 13846354190 | Patriot Act | This law passed after 9/11 expanded the tools used to fight terrorism and improved communication between law enforcement and intelligence agencies | 30 | |
| 13846367116 | USA Freedom Act | A 2015 law that came into effect the day after the USA PATRIOT Act expired. This act restored many provision of the PATRIOT Act but limited the collection of telecommunication metadata of citizens by the National Security Agency. | 31 | |
| 13846378252 | 5th Amendment | Criminal Proceedings; Due Process; Eminent Domain; Double Jeopardy; Protection from Self incrimination; Grand Jury | 32 | |
| 13846381809 | eminent domain | the right of government to take private property for public use only if seizure can be justly compensated | 33 | |
| 13846389319 | due process of law | fair treatment through the normal judicial system, especially as a citizen's entitlement. -denies the government the right, without due process, to deprive people of life, liberty, and property | 34 | |
| 13846394749 | 6th Amendment | The right to a Speedy Trial by jury, representation by an attorney for an accused person; informed of their rights/charges -basis of habeaus corpus | 35 | |
| 13846402795 | Habeas Corpus | a writ requiring a person under arrest to be brought before a judge or into court, especially to secure the person's release unless lawful grounds are shown for their detention. | 36 | |
| 13846407819 | Common Law | a system of law based on precedent and customs | 37 | |
| 13846411395 | Statutory Law | Law passed by the U.S. Congress or state legislatures | 38 | |
| 13846417764 | 9th Amendment | Citizens entitled to rights not listed in the Constitution -led to implied right of privacy | 39 | |
| 13846431833 | 11th Amendment | One State cannot be sued by another state | 40 | |
| 13846433373 | 12th Amendment | separation of votes for President and Vice President | 41 | |
| 13846440012 | 13th Amendment | Abolition of slavery | 42 | |
| 13846440013 | 14th Amendment | Declares that all persons born in the U.S. are citizens and are guaranteed equal protection of the laws -used due process and equal protection clauses | 43 | |
| 13846461475 | selective incorporation | court cases that apply Bill of Rights to states | 44 | |
| 13846464336 | Equal Protection Clause | 14th amendment clause that prohibits states from denying equal protection under the law, and has been used to combat discrimination | 45 | |
| 13846467792 | 15th Amendment (1870) | U.S. cannot prevent a person from voting because of race, color, or creed | 46 | |
| 13846470266 | 16 | income tax | 47 | |
| 13846473261 | 17 | Direct election of senators | 48 | |
| 13846475782 | 18 | Prohibition | 49 | |
| 13846475783 | 19 | Women's suffrage | 50 | |
| 13846477384 | 20 | January 20th is the day that a new president takes office | 51 | |
| 13846480898 | 21 | Repeal of Prohibition | 52 | |
| 13846482903 | 22 | 2 terms | 53 | |
| 13846484938 | 23 | dc vote | 54 | |
| 13846488035 | 24 | for the poor -pool taxes | 55 | |
| 13846489811 | 25 | Presidential succession | 56 | |
| 13846491828 | 26 | lowered the voting age to 18 | 57 | |
| 13846494053 | 27 | Congressional pay | 58 | |
| 13846641117 | public opinion | how people think or feel about particular things | 59 | |
| 13846659347 | issue public | a group of people particularly affected by, or concerned with, a specific issue | 60 | |
| 13846682106 | exit polls | polls based on interviews conducted on election day with randomly selected voters | 61 | |
| 13846718521 | political socialization | the process by which people gain their political attitudes and opinions 1. family | 62 | |
| 13846978233 | 4 types of political linkage institutions | political parties, interest groups, PACS, and 527 groups | 63 | |
| 13847595000 | critical election | An election when significant groups of voters change their traditional patterns of party loyalty. | 64 | |
| 13847599663 | Dealignment | Weakening of partisan preferences that points to a rejection of both major parties and a rise in the number of independents. | 65 | |
| 13847719860 | hard money | Political contributions given to a party, candidate, or interest group that are limited in amount and fully disclosed. | 66 | |
| 13847721143 | soft money | Campaign contributions unregulated by federal or state law, usually given to parties and party committees to help fund general party activities. | 67 | |
| 13847722983 | 527 groups | Tax - Exempt organizations set up by interest groups to engage in political activities -promotes political agenda but cant expressly advocate for or against a candidate -not reg by FEC | 68 | |
| 13847960522 | incumbent advantage | 1. reps who run for reelection win 90% of the time 2. incumbent senators have an advantage but house reps have an even greater one. senators run statewide and usually have a serious competitor house mems run in their district | 69 | |
| 13849736507 | mixed economies | Economic systems in which some allocation of resources is made by the private industry and some by the government | 70 | |
| 13849748054 | Keynesian economics | Theory based on the principles of John Maynard Keynes, stating that government spending should increase during business slumps and be curbed during booms. -govs can smooth out business cycles by influencing the amount of income individuals and businesses can spend on goods and services | 71 | |
| 13849755595 | fiscal policy | Government policy that attempts to manage the economy by controlling taxing and spending. -keys believe during downturns, the gov should spend money on projects to inject money into the economy (increases gov deficit) | 72 | |
| 13849769878 | supply-side economics | An economic philosophy that holds the sharply cutting taxes will increase the incentive people have to work, save, and invest. Greater investments will lead to more jobs, a more productive economy, and more tax revenues for the government. | 73 | |
| 13849782229 | monetary policy | Government policy that attempts to manage the economy by controlling the money supply and thus interest rates. -federal reserve -fed can increase amount of money in circulation by lowering interest rates (inflates the economy) -raising interest rates will deflate | 74 | |
| 13849879790 | budget resolution | a congressional decision that states the maximum amount of money the government should spend | 75 | |
| 13849882466 | Continuing Resolution | A temporary funding law that Congress passes when an appropriations bill has not been decided by the beginning of the new fiscal year on October 1. -continue to have the same spending levels | 76 | |
| 13850369573 | trustee | A legislator who acts according to her or his conscience and the broad interests of the entire society. | 77 | |
| 13850370510 | delegate | use thoughts and decisions of people you represent | 78 | |
| 13850373596 | Poltico | A member of Congress who acts as a delegate on issues that constituents care about (such as immigration) and as a trustee on more complex or less salient issues (some foreign policy or regulatory matters). | 79 | |
| 13850400674 | pork-barrel legislation (earmark) | Legislation giving benefits to constituents through sometimes unnecessary of unwise projects within a state or district, to enhance a member's chance of reelection -legislation that gives tangible benefits to constituents in several districts or states in the hope of winning their votes in return | 80 | |
| 13850404635 | Logrolling | vote trading; voting to support a colleague's bill in return for a promise of future support | 81 | |
| 13850407514 | standing (subject matter) committee | A permanent committee established in a legislature, usually focusing on a policy area | 82 | |
| 13850409041 | joint committee | A committee composed of members of both the House of Representatives and the Senate; the Conference Committee | 83 | |
| 13850412209 | conference committee | special joint committee created to reconcile differences in bills passed by the House and Senate, temporary | 84 | |
| 13850423647 | Caucus | A meeting of local party members to choose party officials or candidates for public office and to decide the platform. -group of people with shared interest | 85 | |
| 13850429727 | in the House | leadership and seniority are more important/ partyline voting | 86 | |
| 13850431807 | Speaker of the House | constitutionally created. chosen by the majority party, has both formal and informal powers | 87 | |
| 13850440712 | Rules Committee | A standing committee of the House of Representatives that provides special rules under which specific bills can be debated, amended, and considered by the house. mems appointed by speaker | 88 | |
| 13850443711 | Committee of the Whole | A committee that consists of an entire legislative body; procedural, smaller group within house that debate bills in advance | 89 | |
| 13850449331 | Committee on Ways and Means | All tax bills, all revenue bills must originate in the House | 90 | |
| 13850451011 | discharge petition | Petition that, if signed by majority of the House of Representatives' members, will pry a bill from committee and bring it to the floor for consideration. | 91 | |
| 13850452322 | Senate | decentralized and less formal, less power than House | 92 | |
| 13850453599 | President Protempore of the Senate | the "temporary" leader of the Senate when the President of the Senate (which is the US Vice-President) is not present. constitutionally created, majority leader is more powerful | 93 | |
| 13850456510 | Judiciary Committee | Standing committee of the us senate that has oversight responsibilities over the federal judiciary and is responsible for conducting hearings to consider judicial nominees including nominee to the supreme court | 94 | |
| 13850459010 | Filibuster | A procedural practice in the Senate whereby a senator refuses to relinquish the floor and thereby delays proceedings and prevents a vote on a controversial issue. | 95 | |
| 13850459576 | Cloture | A procedure for terminating debate, especially filibusters, in the Senate. 60 votes | 96 | |
| 13850460589 | Senate Hold | Process in the Senate where a senator temporarily blocks consideration of a bill or presidential nominee by threatening filibuster | 97 | |
| 13850462639 | unanimous consent | a motion by all members of the Senate who are present to set aside formal rules and consent to a bill | 98 | |
| 13850490028 | Voting Rights Act of 1965 | a law designed to help end formal and informal barriers to African-American suffrage -no literacy tests, no federal examiners | 99 | |
| 13850713449 | Expansion of Presidential Power | 1. foreign affairs 2. shape public opinion 3. head of executive branch 4. inherent power | 100 | |
| 13850717502 | Andrew Jackson | changed veto power (like not if not constitutional) | 101 | |
| 13850719110 | Lincoln | expands commander in chief, implemented draft, suspended habeaus corpus | 102 | |
| 13850721104 | FDR | gov role in econ | 103 | |
| 13850727623 | 4 roles of the president | Chief diplomat- foreign affairs, commander in chief- military, chief legislator , and chief executive- carries out laws | 104 | |
| 13850741493 | executive privilege | An implied presidential power that allows the president to refuse to disclose information regarding confidential conversations or national security to Congress or the judiciary. | 105 | |
| 13850744466 | War Powers Act | 1973. A resolution of Congress that stated the President can only send troops into action abroad by authorization of Congress or if America is already under attack or serious threat. -has to tell congress within 48 hr and 60 day period begins | 106 | |
| 13850756905 | impoundment of funds | A presidential refusal to spend money appropriated by Congress | 107 | |
| 13850759685 | Bureaucracy | A large, complex organization composed of appointed officials -enforces regulations -serve as experts -issue networks and iron triangles | 108 | |
| 13850761812 | issue network | Relationships among interest groups, congressional committees and subcommittees, and the government agencies that share a common policy concern. | 109 | |
| 13850762994 | Iron Triangle | A close relationship between an agency, a congressional committee, and an interest group | 110 | |
| 13850764678 | Pendleton Civil Service Act | Passed in 1883, an Act that created a federal civil service so that hiring and promotion would be based on merit rather than patronage. | 111 | |
| 13850766197 | Hatch Act | A federal law prohibiting government employees from active participation in partisan politics. | 112 | |
| 13850770402 | Administrative Procedure Act | A law passed in 1946 requiring federal agencies to give notice, solicit comments, and (sometimes) hold public hearings 30 days before adopting any new rules. | 113 | |
| 13850773415 | Freedom of Information Act | Gives all citizens the right to inspect all records of federal agencies except those containing military, intelligence, or trade secrets; increases accountability of bureaucracy | 114 | |
| 13850774559 | Open Meeting Law | A law passed in 1976 requiring agency meetings to be open to the public unless certain specified matters are being discussed. | 115 | |
| 13850781760 | revolving door | Employment cycle in which individuals who work for governmental agencies that regulate interests eventually end up working for interest groups or businesses with the same policy concern. | 116 | |
| 13850782619 | agency point of view | Administrators tend to look out for their agency's interests | 117 | |
| 13850783981 | Culture of the agency | Informal understanding among employees about how they are supposed to act-laws, rules, routines | 118 | |
| 13853961396 | Judiciary Act of 1789 | In 1789 Congress passed this Act which created the federal-court system. The act managed to quiet popular apprehensions by establishing in each state a federal district court that operated according to local procedures. | 119 | |
| 13853961397 | district courts | the lowest federal courts; federal trials can be held only here | 120 | |
| 13853963393 | original jurisdiction | the authority to hear cases for the first time | 121 | |
| 13853965452 | Court of Appeals | A court with appellate jurisdiction that hears appeals from the decisions of lower courts. | 122 | |
| 13853968672 | senatorial courtesy | a custom whereby presidential appointments are confirmed only if there is no objection to them by the senators from the appointee's state, especially from the senior senator of the president's party from that state. | 123 | |
| 13853974131 | Jurisdiction of Federal Courts | *Cases involving federal law *Cases involving treaties U.S. has ratified *Cases involving interpretation of the U.S. Constitution -diversity of citizenship cases | 124 | |
| 13853979824 | writ of certiorari | An order by a higher court directing a lower court to send up a case for review | 125 | |
| 13853982343 | stare decisis | Let the decision stand; decisions are based on precedents from previous cases | 126 | |
| 13853985062 | concurring opinion | An opinion that agrees with the majority in a Supreme Court ruling but differs on the reasoning. | 127 | |
| 13853990878 | Warren Court | the Supreme Court during the period when Earl Warren was chief justice, noted for its activism in the areas of civil rights and free speech -expanded civil rts of the accused | 128 | |
| 13853996118 | Burger Court | a conservative jurist appointed by Nixon that nonetheless continued the judicial activism of the Warren Court as seen by Roe v. Wade; this was due to the other members of the court rather than his own liberal beliefs | 129 | |
| 13853998629 | Rehnquist Court | The conservative justice who was on the Burger Court that became chief justice; as chief justice he led a conservative revolution that left power up to the states over Congress; ruled on Bush v. Gore | 130 | |
| 13854001299 | judicial session | october to june | 131 | |
| 13854003269 | checks on the judicial branch | -neither the purse nor the sword (78) -appointments and confirmations -congressional control of size and appellate jurisdiction -constitutional amendments -impeachment | 132 | |
| 13854020595 | amicus curiae | A Latin term meaning "friend of the court." Refers to interested groups or individuals, not directly involved in a suit, who may file legal briefs or oral arguments in support of one side. | 133 | |
| 13855193279 | Lemon v. Kurtzman | The 1971 Supreme Court decision that established that aid to church-related schools must (1) have a secular legislative purpose; (2) have a primary effect that neither advances nor inhibits religion; and (3) not foster excessive government entanglement with religion. | 134 | |
| 13855196452 | Wisconsin v. Yoder | Amish children do not have to go to school until they are 16---they may stop after the 8th grade | 135 | |
| 13855200554 | Oregon v. Smith | Banned the use of illegal drugs in religious ceremonies. Ruled that the government can act when religious practices violate criminal laws. -leads to RFRA | 136 | |
| 13855203817 | Religious Freedom Restoration Act | 1993 act which forbids any federal agency or state government to restrict a person's free exercise of religion unless the federal government demonstrates that its action 'furthers a compelling government interest'. This was declared unconstitutional on the grounds of the separation of powers principle. | 137 | |
| 13855206742 | Barron v. Baltimore | The 1833 Supreme Court decision holding that the Bill of Rights restrained only the national government, not the states and cities. | 138 | |
| 13855210778 | Gitlow v. New York | established selective incorporation of the Bill of rights; states cannot deny freedom of speech; protected through the 14th amendment | 139 | |
| 13855221583 | New York Times v. US | Supreme Court case protecting the freedom of the press by allowing the New York Times to publish the "Pentagon Papers" despite the Justice Department's order to restrict it -prior restraint | 140 | |
| 13855228591 | Schneck v. US | Free speech limited in clear and present danger | 141 | |
| 13855231468 | Tinker v. Des Moines | Students have the right to symbolic speech at school as long as it is not disruptive | 142 | |
| 13855236109 | DeJonge v. Oregon | DeJonge (communist) assembled to have a meeting with the communist party about protesting and was arrested under a syndicalism statute. -cannot prohibit peaceful marches due to content of message | 143 | |
| 13855249094 | Village of Skokie v. National Socialist Party | American Nazis wanted to march in Skokie (large Jewish population); village tried to prevent the march arguing that the swastika was symbolic fighting words; march allowed | 144 | |
| 13855253736 | District of Columbia v. Heller | U.S. Supreme Court case that upheld that the Second Amendment protects an individual's right to possess a firearm | 145 | |
| 13855253737 | McDonald v. Chicago | Incorporated the 2nd Amendment right to bear arms to the states | 146 | |
| 13855260145 | when does the 4th amendment apply? | 1. Gov action 2. Reasonable expectation of privacy | 147 | |
| 13855266196 | New Jersey v. TLO | Supreme court case in which it was decided that a student may be searched if there is "reasonable ground" for doing so. -reasonable suspicion | 148 | |
| 13855279734 | exclusionary rule | improperly gathered evidence may not be introduced in a criminal trial | 149 | |
| 13855285377 | good faith exception | an error in gathering evidence sufficiently minor that it may be used in a trial -police believe they were doing everything correctly | 150 | |
| 13855289032 | inevitable discovery | the police can use evidence if it would inevitably have been discovered | 151 | |
| 13855294195 | Exceptions to the Warrant Requirement | -consent searches -stop and frisks -plain view exceptions -searches incident to a lawful arrest -motor vehicle stops -open fields -emergency circumstances -hot pursuit | 152 | |
| 13855298523 | Miranda v. Arizona | Supreme Court held that criminal suspects must be informed of their right to consult with an attorney and of their right against self-incrimination prior to questioning by police. | 153 | |
| 13855302088 | Griswold v. Connecticut | Established that there is an implied right to privacy in the U.S. Constitution -birth control -state would need a good reason to interfere | 154 | |
| 13855305959 | Roe v. Wade | The 1973 Supreme Court decision holding that a state ban on all abortions was unconstitutional. The decision forbade state control over abortions during the first trimester of pregnancy, permitted states to limit abortions to protect the mother's health in the second trimester, and permitted states to protect the fetus during the third trimester. | 155 | |
| 13855308179 | Powell v. Alabama | The Supreme Court ruled here that the right to counsel was required by law in death penalty trials. | 156 | |
| 13855311051 | Gideon v. Wainwright | A person who cannot afford an attorney may have one appointed by the government | 157 | |
| 13855315242 | Plessy v. Ferguson | a 1896 Supreme Court decision which legalized state ordered segregation so long as the facilities for blacks and whites were equal | 158 | |
| 13855315243 | Brown v. Board of Education | 1954 - The Supreme Court overruled Plessy v. Ferguson, declared that racially segregated facilities are inherently unequal and ordered all public schools desegregated. | 159 | |
| 13855318819 | Shaw v. Reno | NO racial gerrymandering; race cannot be the sole or predominant factor in redrawing legislative boundaries; majority-minority districts. | 160 | |
| 13855318820 | Civil Rights Act of 1964 | outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin --voting, employment, school, public accommodations | 161 | |
| 13855329841 | NOW | National Organization for Women | 162 | |
| 13855338624 | Title IX | A law that bans gender discrimination in schools that receive federal funds -No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance | 163 | |
| 13855342670 | Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act | U.S. act that creates a rolling time frame for filing wage discrimination claims and expands plaintiff field beyond employee who was discriminated against. | 164 | |
| 13855348509 | Obergefell v. Hodges | States obligated to recognize same-sex marriage from other states. | 165 | |
| 13855350389 | Regents of the University of California v. Bakke | 1978 state university couldn't admit less qualified individuals solely based on race; no quotas | 166 | |
| 13855358593 | closed primary | A primary in which only registered members of a particular political party can vote | 167 | |
| 13855365207 | open primary | A primary election in which voters may choose in which party to vote as they enter the polling place | 168 | |
| 13855367664 | blanket primary | a primary election in which each voter may vote for candidates from both parties | 169 | |
| 13855369321 | party convention | A meeting of party delegates to vote on matters of policy and in some cases to select party candidates for public office. | 170 | |
| 13855372597 | Buckley v. Valeo | A case in which the Supreme Court of the United States upheld federal limits on campaign contributions and ruled that spending money to influence elections is a form of constitutionally protected free speech. The court also stated candidates can give unlimited amounts of money to their own campaigns. | 171 | |
| 13855380131 | Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act (McCain - Feingold Act) | -set limits on soft money and independent expenditures by limiting the amount and timing | 172 | |
| 13855392954 | independent expenditures | Money spent by individuals or groups not associated with candidates to elect or defeat candidates for office. -not given directly to party | 173 | |
| 13855399312 | FEC v. Citizens United | Removed limits on campaign contributions by corporations and labor unions -allowed independent expenditures Ruled that money is a form of free speech, which under the 1st amendment can't be limited. Superpacs can't donate directly to campaigns. | 174 | |
| 13855425277 | PACs (Political Action Committees) | a private group that raises and distributes funds for use in election campaigns | 175 | |
| 13855427970 | Super PACs | a type of independent political action committee which may raise unlimited sums of money from corporations, unions, and individuals but is not permitted to contribute to or coordinate directly with parties or candidates. | 176 | |
| 13855435214 | Challenge for third parties | -Winner take all -Electoral college -incorporation of agenda into major party platforms | 177 | |
| 13855446795 | 4 linkage institutions | elections, political parties, interest groups, media | 178 | |
| 13855449725 | Role of Political Parties | -mobilization and education -develop platforms -candidate recruitment -funding and strategies | 179 | |
| 13855464366 | candidate-centered politics | politics that focus on the candidates, their particular issues, and character rather than party affiliation | 180 | |
| 13855467964 | role of interest groups | representation, participation, education, agenda building, program monitoring -help draft legislation | 181 | |
| 13855476466 | Role of Media | Agenda setting, investigative role, horse race journalism | 182 | |
| 13855484923 | Narrowcasting | targeting media programming at specific populations within society | 183 | |
| 13855487978 | Echochamber | how social media users tend to promote their favorite narratives, beliefs and ideas then form polarized groups and resist information that doesn't conform to their beliefs. | 184 | |
| 13855492894 | catholics, jews | mostly liberal | 185 | |
| 13855497413 | Evangelical Protestants | v conservative | 186 | |
| 13855505449 | Forms of political particpation | voting money campaigning running protest | 187 | |
| 13855511640 | political culture | an overall set of values widely shared within a society | 188 | |
| 13855515849 | Generational effect refers to the | long-lasting impact of significant events on the generation that came of age at that time | 189 | |
| 13855519104 | lifecycle effects | As people become middle-aged, they become more politically conservative, less mobile, and more likely to participate in politics. | 190 | |
| 13855521665 | benchmark poll | initial poll on a candidate and issues on which campaign strategy is based and against which later polls are compared | 191 | |
| 13855532896 | Baker v. Carr | case that est. one man one vote. this decision created guidelines for drawing up congressional districts and guaranteed a more equitable system of representation to the citizens of each state | 192 | |
| 13855537395 | Reynolds v. Sims | 14th amendment requires state legislative districts reflect fair "one person, one vote" rule | 193 | |
| 13855545603 | Unitary Government | A centralized government in which all government powers belong to a single, central agency. | 194 | |
| 13855551216 | Confederation | state power limited national power | 195 | |
| 13855558203 | Cooperative Federalism | system in which both federal government and state governments cooperate in solving problems | 196 | |
| 13855578457 | Gibbons v. Ogden | Regulating interstate commerce is a power reserved to the federal government | 197 | |
| 13855819238 | substantive due process | question whether laws are fair by looking at the constitution and BOR | 198 | |
| 13855825715 | Procedural Due Process | whether laws are fairly applied | 199 | |
| 13855838130 | Powers of the President | commander in chief Grant reprieves and pardons (except impeachment) force Congress in sessions Receive ambassadors/foreign policy Take care that the laws be faithfully executed enforce laws SOU Veto | 200 | |
| 13855858339 | incumbency advantage | visibility, credit claiming, casework (constituent services), franking, money | 201 | |
| 13855872456 | Nonlegislative Powers of Congress | -choose pres (H) and VP (S) if no majority in electoral college -approve treaties (2/3 S) - impeachment (maj H) and removal (2/3 S) -confirmation of appointments (S maj) -propose amendments (Both 2/3) -oversight (Both) -research | 202 | |
| 13855926255 | Budget Reform Act of 1974 | A congressional effort to control presidential impoundments. It requires, among other things, that the president spend all appropriated funds unless he first tells Congress which funds he wishes not to spend and Congress, within forty-five days, agrees to delete the items. If he wishes simply to delay spending money, he need only inform Congress, but Congress in turn can refuse the delay by passing a resolution requiring immediate release of the funds. -creates CBO | 203 | |
| 13855935762 | CBO (Congressional Budget Office) | a federal agency within the legislative branch of the United States government that provides budget and economic information to Congress. -BEFORE spending | 204 | |
| 13855944601 | GAO (Government Accountability Office) | an agency of the U.S. government that monitors and government spending AFTER | 205 | |
| 13856016095 | Keynesians | fiscal policy by congress and the president -high unemployment ? inc econ -spending - gov buys from people (inc econ) -taxes pull out money so dec econ | 206 | |
| 13856034572 | Monetarists | Supporters of an economic theory emphasizing the role of money supply by the FED -high unemployment then inc MS which inc econ | 207 | |
| 13856043867 | reserve ratio | the fraction of bank deposits that a bank holds as reserves -dec RR to inc MS -inc RR to combat inflation | 208 | |
| 13856051572 | discount rate | interest FED charges banks -dec DR to inc econ | 209 | |
| 13856057465 | open market operations | the purchase and sale of U.S. government bonds by the Fed -buy = inc econ | 210 | |
| 13856061440 | supply siders | dec taxes and dec regulations | 211 | |
| 13856066179 | sequester | across the board spending cuts | 212 |
