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| A term that refers to programs designed to ensure that women, minorities, and other traditionally disadvantaged groups have full and equal opportunities in employment, education, and other areas of life. | ||
| a term used to describe opponents of the constitution during the debate over ratification | ||
| the authority of a given court to review cases that have already been tried in lower courts and are appealed to it by the losing party; such a court is called an appeals court or an appellate court | ||
| a form of government in which leaders, though they admit to no limits on their powers, are effectively limited by other centers of power | ||
| the recognized right of an individual or institution to exercise power | ||
| a form of government in which absolute control rests with a single person. | ||
| legislatures having two chambers | ||
| a proposed law (legislative act) within Congress or another legislature | ||
| the first ten amendments to the Constitution. They include such rights as freedom of speech and trial by jury. | ||
| Federal grants-in-aid that permit state and local officials to decide how the funds will be spent within a general area, such as education or health | ||
| a written statement by a party in a court case that details its argument | ||
| an economic system based on the idea that government should interfere with economic transactions as little as possible. Free enterprise and self-reliance are the collective and individual principles that underpin capitalism. | ||
| Federal grants-in-aid to states and localities that can be used only for designated projects | ||
| The elaborate system of divided spheres of authority provided by the U.S. Constitution as a means of controlling the power of government. the separation of powers among the branches of the national government, federalism, and the different methods of selecting national officers are all part of this system | ||
| the fundamental individual rights of a free society, such as freedom of speech and the right to a jury trial, which in the United States are protected by the Bill of Rights. | ||
| the right of every person under the laws and equal access to society's opportunities and public facilities | ||
| a test devised by the Supreme Court in 1919 to define the limits of free speech in the context of national security. According to the test, government cannot abridge political expression unless it presents a clear and present danger to the nation's security. | ||
| a parliamentary maneuver that, if a three-fifths majority votes against for it, limits Senate debate, to thirty hours and has the effect of defeating a filibuster | ||
| the clause of the Constitution (Article 1, section 8) that empowers the federal government to regulate commerce among the states and with other nations. | ||
| an economic system in which government owns most or all major industries and also takes responsibility for overall management of the economy | ||
| a governmental system in which sovereignty is vested entirely in subnational (state) governments | ||
| the individuals who live within the geographical area represented by an elected official. More narrowly, the body of citizens eligible to vote for a particular representative. | ||
| the fundamental law that defines how a government will legitimately operate | ||
| a governmental that is democratic in its provisions for majority influence through elections and constitutional in its provisions for minority rights and rule by law | ||
| the situation in which the national, state, and local levels work together to solve problems | ||
| discrimination on the basins of race, sex, religion, ethnicity, and the like that results from social, economic, and cultural biases and conditions | ||
| discrimination on the basis of race, sex, religion, ethnicity, and the like that results from a law | ||
| a vote of the Supreme court in a particular case that indicates which party the justices side with and by how large a margin | ||
| elected representatives whose obligation is to act in accordance with the expressed wishes of the people whom they represent | ||
| a form of government in which the people govern, either directly or through elected representatives. | ||
| the idea that the bureaucracy will be more responsive to the public if all its employees at all levels are demographically representative of the population as a whole |
