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| the view that judges should discern the general principles underlying laws or the constitution and apply them to modern circumstances | ||
| a policy designed to redress past discrimination against women and minority groups through measures to improve their economic and educational opportunities | ||
| a brief submitted by a "friend of the court" | ||
| The authority of a court to review decisions made by lower courts | ||
| a document stating the facts and points of law of a client's case | ||
| A law that governs relationships between individuals and defines their legal rights. | ||
| Constitutional freedoms guaranteed to all citizens | ||
| the rights of people to be treated without unreasonable or unconstitutional differences | ||
| lawsuit brought by an individual or a group of people on behalf of all those similarly situated | ||
| A standard used to justify limitations on speech wich will lead directly to harm of others. | ||
| a statement written by a justice who votes with the majority, but for different reasons | ||
| one Congress established under the provisions of Article III of the Constitution | ||
| the body of law dealing with crimes and their punishment | ||
| Racial segregation, especially in public schools, that happens "by fact" rather than by legal requirement. For example, often the concentration of African-Americans in certain neighborhoods produces neighborhood schools that are predominantly black, or segregated in fact | ||
| segregation that is imposed by law | ||
| cases involving citizens of different states over which the federal courts have jurisdiction as described in the Constitution | ||
| 14th amendment clause stating that no state may deprive a person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law | ||
| the clause in the Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution that prohibits any state from denying to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws | ||
| a clause in the U.S. Constitution forbidding Congress from establishing a state religion | ||
| improperly gathered evidence may not be introduced in a criminal trial | ||
| a rule that allows a plaintiff to recover costs from the defendant if the plaintiff wins | ||
| a first amendment provision that prohibits government from interfering with the practice of religion | ||
| applying the bill of rights to the states | ||
| A method whereby a poor person can have his or her case heard in federal court without charge | ||
| the right of the supreme court to determine if a law violates the constitution | ||
| print slanderous statements against | ||
| an examination of the political ideology of a nominated judge | ||
| an issue that a court believes should be decided by the executive or legislative branch | ||
| (law) evidence sufficient to warrant an arrest or search and seizure | ||
| Discrimination against the majority group | ||
| a court order allowing law enforcement officers to search a suspect's home or business and take specific items as evidence | ||
| The third-ranking officer in the Justice Department, who decides what cases the federal government will appeal from lower courts and personally approves every case the government presents to the Supreme Court. | ||
| A legal rule stating who is authorized to start a lawsuit | ||
| Let the decision stand; decisions are based on precedents from previous cases | ||
| requires a judge to apply the text of the law in a formalist way -- only as it is written. This means a judge or panel of judges must first obtain a clear meaning of the text. Once the text of a law is interpreted clearly, there is no need to draw further inferences from statutes of the law. | ||
| A heightened standard of review used by the Supreme Court to determine the constitutional validity of a challenged practice. | ||
| A form of speech that expresses an idea or emotion without use of words, such as burning one's draft card, bra, or flag, or picketing. Such activities are protected by the First Amendment to the United States Constitution. | ||
| court ruling that government cannot be involved with religion | ||
| an order a higher court issues in order to review the decision and proceedings in a lower court and determine whether there were any irregularities. |
