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| 5754596780 | 1. There are several different approaches to representation within a democratic political system. (a)Direct democracy. | Rule by the people, Individual participation on legislation or policy ; Or rule by the people, making decisions without delegating authority to elected representatives | 0 | |
| 5754596781 | 1. (b) Define republican form of government | Authority is delegated to elected representatives to make decision on behalf of citizens. | 1 | |
| 5754596782 | 1. (c) Describe one reasons the framers of the United States Constitution chose a republican form of government over a direct democracy. | • Fear of mob rule (tyranny of the majority) • Size of country • Elitism - inadequate education/uninformed public • Did not trust people • To counter the influence of factions • Pre-existence of states • Reinforcement of federalism | 2 | |
| 5754596783 | 1. (d) Describe each of the models of congressional representation. trustee model (attitudinal view) | o Decisions made by elected official using their own personal views or decisions made by the elected official based on the public good and not on the basis of constituents' views. | 3 | |
| 5754596784 | 1. (d) Describe each of the models of congressional delegate model (representational view) | o Decisions made by the elected official mirror the constituents' views, represent constituents' views, or do what voters tell them to do. | 4 | |
| 5754596785 | 1. (e) Explain why a member of Congress might sometimes act as a trustee (attitudinal view) rather than a delegate (representational view). | • Information access • Reliance on expertise • Divided constituency • Salience of issue • Vote his or her conscience (explaining why) • Difficulty determining what voters want | 5 | |
| 5754596786 | 2. Political parties play important roles in United States elections and government institutions. Over the past several decades, the influence of political parties in elections has declined while their strength in Congress has increased. (a) Describe two important functions of political parties in United States elections. | • Provide cues for voters • Provide a platform of issues • Recruit candidates for government office • Nominate candidates for government office • Raise funds for their candidates' campaigns • Support for candidates' campaigns • Mobilize voters and get out the votes | 6 | |
| 5754596787 | (b) Describe one important role political parties play within Congress to promote the party's public policy agenda. | • Leadership positions in Congress are assigned on a party basis. • Party leaders articulate legislative policy priorities of the party. • Party leaders facilitate legislative policy priorities of the party. • Majority party selects committee chairs who promote the party's legislative priorities in committee. • Majority party appoints and controls the standing committees. • Majority party controls floor debates. • Majority party controls the rules and calendar favorable to majority party's policy priorities. | 7 | |
| 5754596788 | (c) Explain how direct primaries factors has weakened the influence of political parties over the political process. | Direct primaries: Gives parties less control over the nomination process of candidates; candidates appeal directly to voters and bypass parties; candidates may win who are not favored by the party elite. | 8 | |
| 5754596789 | (c) Explain how Candidate-centered campaigns has weakened the influence of political parties over the political process. | Candidate-centered campaigns: Candidates appeal directly to voters; candidates can raise money by appealing to voters or PACs directly; candidates choose their own issues to campaign on. | 9 | |
| 5754596790 | (d) Explain how party polarization has strengthened party influence in Congress. | Members of political parties vote along party line; therefore they are less likely to cross party lines to vote with the other party. | 10 | |
| 5754596791 | 3. Presidents consider many factors when nominating candidates to the federal courts, and getting their nominees confirmed is often difficult. (a) Using the chart above, describe ONE similarity between President Barack Obama's judicial appointments and those made by President George W. Bush. | • In both cases more than half the appointees were white. President Obama's appointees were 59 percent white, while President Bush's appointees were 82 percent white. • In both cases the number of Hispanic nominees is roughly similar, within two percentage points. • In both cases Asian Americans were the lowest demographic nominated, both under 10 percent. | 11 | |
| 6176910578 | 3.(b) Using the chart above, describe TWO differences between President Barack Obama's judicial appointments and those made by President George W. Bush. | • Obama appointed a significantly greater percentage of women than did Bush. President Obama's appointees were 46 percent women, while President Bush's appointees were 22 percent women. • Obama was more likely to appoint racial minority candidates than was Bush; for example, 22 percent of President Obama's appointees were African American, as opposed to 7 percent of President Bush's appointees. • Obama appointed more than Bush in any single minority category, appointing a higher percentage of African Americans, Hispanics, and Asian Americans. | 12 | |
| 6176923062 | 3(c) Explain why a president's party affiliation accounts for differences in presidential appointments to the judiciary. | • President chooses nominees with similar views who will rule in a manner consistent with the President's policy preferences — party ID is a rough indicator. • President chooses nominees that cater to his party's electoral coalition, which will help his party win future elections. | 13 | |
| 5754596792 | 3(d) Describe one way a president can increase the chances of having judicial nominations to federal courts confirmed. | • Consulting with the Senate/using senatorial courtesy • Choosing a moderate • Properly vetting candidates/selecting qualified candidates | 14 | |
| 6176945008 | 4. The public policy process is complex. The formation, enactment, and implementation of public policy involve many government institutions. (a) Explain the importance of each of the following in the formation of the policy agenda. Media Elections | Media • Affects agenda setting by what it chooses to cover (priming/gatekeeping/watchdog). • Media framing of issues. Elections • Election winners control agenda. • Initiative process. • Issues raised during campaigns. | 15 | |
| 6176978057 | 4(b) Describe the roles of each of the following in the enactment of public policy. Congressional committees Executive orders | Congressional committees: committee actions related to the enactment of public policy (gatekeeper/mark-up legislation/hold hearings). Executive Orders • Presidents use executive orders to enact policy. • Bypass Congress. | 16 | |
| 5754596798 | implementation | the process of putting a decision or plan into effect; execution. | 17 | |
| 5754596799 | 4(c) Explain the importance of each of the following in the implementation of public policy. Bureaucratic discretion Issue networks OR iron triangles | Bureaucratic discretion: bureaucrats have the ability to shape implementation of public policy. Issue networks or iron triangles • Interest group(s)/congressional committee(s) pressure bureaucracy to implement policy that benefits them. • Bureaucracy can shape policy implementation to benefit interest group(s). | 18 |
