Terms : Hide Images
| 6650963214 | Federalism | Government authority shared by national and local governments |  | 0 |
| 6650963215 | "necessary and proper" clause | Section of the Constitution allowing Congress to pass all laws "necessary and proper" to its duties, and which has permitted Congress to exercise powers not specifically given to it (enumerated) by the Constitution. |  | 1 |
| 6650963216 | nullification | The doctrine that a state can declare null and void a federal law that, in the state's opinion, violates the Constitution |  | 2 |
| 6650963217 | dual federalism | Doctrine holding tht the national government is supreme in its sphere, the states are supreme in theirs, and the two spheres should be kept separate |  | 3 |
| 6650963219 | sovereignty | Supreme or ultimate political authority, legally and politically independent of any other government |  | 4 |
| 6650963220 | unitary system | sovereignty is wholly in the hands of the national government, so that the states and localities are dependent on its will |  | 5 |
| 6650963221 | confederation or confederal system | states are sovereign and the national government is allowed to do only that which the states permit |  | 6 |
| 6650963222 | federal system | sovereignty is shared, so that in some matters the national government is supreme and in other matters the states are supreme |  | 7 |
| 6650963223 | federal regime | local units of government have a specially protected existence and can make some final decisions over some governmental activities |  | 8 |
| 6650963224 | initiative | process that permits voters to put legislative measures directly on the ballot |  | 9 |
| 6650963225 | referendum | procedure enabling voters to reject a measure passed by the legislature |  | 10 |
| 6650963226 | recall | procedure whereby voters can remove an elected official from office |  | 11 |
| 6650963227 | grants-in-aid | money given by the national government to the states |  | 12 |
| 6650963228 | categorial grants | federal grants for specific purposes, such as building an airport |  | 13 |
| 6650963229 | conditions of aid | terms set by the national government that states must meet if they are to receive certain federal funds |  | 14 |
| 6650963230 | mandates | terms set by the national government that states must meet whether or not they accept federal grants |  | 15 |
| 6650963231 | waiver | a decision by an administrative agency granting some other part permission to violate a law or rule that would otherwise apply to it |  | 16 |
| 6650963232 | city, municipal corporation, or municipality | has been chartered by a state to exercise cetain defined powers and provide certain specific services |  | 17 |
| 6650963237 | Ordinances | City laws |  | 18 |
