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| 14789744244 | $4 trillion | Amount of money the federal government spends a year. | 0 | |
| 14789748094 | $3 billion | Amount of money state governments spend per year. | 1 | |
| 14789755756 | Medicaid | A federal and state assistance program that pays for health care services for people who cannot afford them. | 2 | |
| 14789759329 | National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius 2012 | Cheif Justice Roberts held that individual mandate was constitutional because it could be constructed as a tax. Medicaid expansion ordered unconstitutional. | 3 | |
| 14789782349 | King v. Burwell | The Court ruled on whether the federal government could issue subsidies only for health insurance purchased on state or federal exchanges. | 4 | |
| 14789803401 | federalism | Government authority shared by national and local governments | 5 | |
| 14789805852 | Sovereignty | ultimate political power, having the final say in a system. | 6 | |
| 14789815398 | unitary system | System of government in which all power is invested in a national government like in France. | 7 | |
| 14789823303 | confederation or confederal system | A system in which the state governments are sovereign and the national government may do only what the states permit. Like under the Articles | 8 | |
| 14789827016 | federal system | the sharing of power between the central and state governments. U.S. now | 9 | |
| 14789843089 | Tenth Amendment | Amendment: The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people. | 10 | |
| 14789851747 | Elastic Language | The Congress shall have Power ... To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers | 11 | |
| 14789854279 | Alexander Hamilton | thought national government was superior in political affairs. | 12 | |
| 14789861580 | Thomas Jefferson | thought the people were the supreme authority, though federal government was still important. | 13 | |
| 14789868073 | James Madison | Thought the states rights were of uptmost importance. | 14 | |
| 14789877575 | Justice Marshall | Defended the national supremecy view. Chief justice from 1801-1835. | 15 | |
| 14789888345 | McCulloch v. Maryland | Maryland was trying to tax the national bank and Supreme Court ruled that federal law was stronger than the state law | 16 | |
| 14789892780 | Necessary and Proper Clause | Section of the Constitution allowing Congress to pass all laws "necessary and proper" to its duties, and which has permitted Congress to exercise powers not specifically given to it (enumerated) by the Constitution. | 17 | |
| 14789899018 | Nullification | The doctrine that a state can declare null and void a federal law that, in the state's opinion, violates the Constitution. | 18 | |
| 14789902114 | Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions | Written anonymously by Jefferson and Madison, they declared that states could nullify federal laws that the states considered unconstitutional. | 19 | |
| 14789908500 | John C. Calhoun | South Carolina Senator - advocate for state's rights, limited government, and nullification | 20 | |
| 14789911992 | Commerce Clause | The clause in the Constitution (Article I, Section 8, Clause 1) that gives Congress the power to regulate all business activities that cross state lines or affect more than one state or other nations. | 21 | |
| 14789914463 | Dual Federalism | Doctrine holding that the national government is supreme in its sphere, the states are supreme in theirs, and the two spheres should be kept separate | 22 | |
| 14789917621 | interstate commerce | trade between two or more states, lottery, liquor, transport. | 23 | |
| 14789919887 | intrastate commerce | commerce conducted wholly within one state, manufacturing, insurance, farming. | 24 | |
| 14789934913 | Elementary and Secondary Education Act | 1965 - Provided federal funding for primary and secondary education and was meant to improve the education of poor people. This was the first federal program to fund education. | 25 | |
| 14789937571 | No Child Left Behind Act | A U.S. law enacted in 2001 that was intended to increase accountability in education by requiring states to qualify for federal educational funding by administering standardized tests to measure school achievement. | 26 | |
| 14789939637 | Obama's Race to the Top | Goal of aiding states with various components of NCLB by offering grants to states to improve student outcomes and close achievement gaps | 27 | |
| 14789942293 | Cooperative Federalism | Idea that the federal and state governments share power in many policy areas | 28 | |
| 14789950096 | United States v. Lopez (1995) | Commerce clause of Constitution does not give Congress the power to regulate guns near state-operated schools | 29 | |
| 14789954541 | Violence Against Women Act | increased federal resources to apprehend and prosecute men guilty of violent acts against women | 30 | |
| 14789958098 | United States v. Morrison (2000) | Congress DOES NOT have the authority to enact the Violence Against Women Act of 1994 under either the Commerce Clause. Justice Rehnquist. | 31 | |
| 14789968565 | Printz v. United States | (1997) the Court found that Congress lacks the authority to compel state officers to execute federal laws, specifically relating to background checks on handgun purchasers. | 32 | |
| 14789970998 | Alden v. Maine | State employees could not sue to force state compliance with federal fair-labor laws. | 33 | |
| 14789977730 | Federal Maritime Commission v. South Carolina Ports Authority | the court further expanded states sovereign immunity from private lawsuits. | 34 | |
| 14789988483 | Saenz v. Roe | The Court held the state law that limited the amount of welfare benefits averrable to newly arrived residents was unconstitutional under the privileges or immunities clause because the right to travel/relocate is protected by the clause. | 35 | |
| 14789992668 | Gonzales v. Raich | (2005) The regulation (ban on homegrown medical marajuana) is squarely within Congress' commerce power because production of the commodity meant for home consumption, id criminalized. | 36 | |
| 14790003058 | Arizona v. United States | The Court sided with the federal government and enumerated rights. Federal government could only regulate immigration laws. | 37 | |
| 14790007837 | Oberfell v. Hodges | legalized gay marriage | 38 | |
| 14790014057 | Wilson | said federalism is at the heart of american politics. | 39 | |
| 14790221369 | Hurrican Katrina (2005) | Natural disaster that let to fighting over which level of government should act on relief support. | 40 | |
| 14790228664 | Federal Emergency Management Administration | An independent agency of the United States government that provides a single point of accountability for all federal emergency preparedness and mitigation and response activities. Slow in response to katrina. | 41 | |
| 14790239758 | william riker | Individual who argues the main effect of federalism since the Civil War has been to perpetuate racism. Condemns federalism. | 42 | |
| 14790251231 | Daniel Elazar | Individual who argues federalism has contributed to political flexibility and individual liberty. Praises federalism. | 43 | |
| 14790270943 | California Constitution | 12 Year term for Supreme Court justices, greater details, greater degree of voter control, in both Houses, representation is based on districts that are determined by size of population, senators serve four year terms. Explixit rights to privacy | 44 | |
| 14790278402 | Laboratories of Democracy | idea that different states can implement different policies, and the successful ones will spread | 45 | |
| 14790285180 | Initiative | process that permits voters to put legislative measures directly on the ballot | 46 | |
| 14790285181 | Referendum | procedure enabling voters to reject a measure passed by the legislature | 47 | |
| 14790288694 | recall | procedure whereby voters can remove an elected official from office | 48 | |
| 14790292299 | Gray Davis | Governor who was voted out of office in a recall election in 2003, replaced with arnold schwartzenahger. | 49 | |
| 14790782380 | grants-in-aid | money given by the national government to the states | 50 | |
| 14790788120 | land grant | a grant of land by the federal government, especially for roads, railroads, or agricultural colleges | 51 | |
| 14790798011 | $624 billion | amount of money the federal government gave the states as grants-in-aid. | 52 | |
| 14790809906 | Department of Homeland Security | US federal agency created in 2002 to coordinate national efforts against terrorism. After 9/11 | 53 | |
| 14790820177 | grand folks county | recipient of programs to purchase biochemical suits. | 54 | |
| 14790837201 | intergovernmental lobby | An interest group made up of mayors, governors, and other state and local officials who depend on federal funds | 55 | |
| 14790837202 | Big 7 | - U.S. Conference of Mayors - National Governors Association - National Association of Counties - National League of Cities - Council of State Governments - International City/County Management Association - National Conference of State Legislatures | 56 | |
| 14790845409 | $70 million | Amount of money spent on lobbying in congress | 57 | |
| 14790848760 | categorical grants | Federal grants for specific purposes, such as building an airport. Continueing to grow | 58 | |
| 14790848761 | block grants | Federal grants given more or less automatically to states or communities to support broad programs in areas such as community development and social services, CETA | 59 | |
| 14790867443 | conditions of aid | terms set by the national government that states must meet if they are to receive certain federal funds | 60 | |
| 14790869577 | Mandates | terms set by the national government that states must meet whether or not they accept federal grants | 61 | |
| 14790880441 | Waiver | a decision by an administrative agency granting some other part permission to violate a law or rule that would otherwise apply to it | 62 | |
| 14790886379 | Permissive federalism | Implies that although federalism provides "a sharing of power and authority between the national and state governments, the state's share rests upon the permission and permissiveness of the national government." | 63 | |
| 14790892757 | Ronald Reagan | Asked congress to consolidate categorical grants into 6 block grants to cut federal funding. | 64 | |
| 14790904024 | Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) | Federal funds for children in families that fall below state standards of need. In 1996, Congress abolished AFDC, the largest federal cash transfer program, and replaced it with the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) block grant-Bill Clinton | 65 | |
| 14790910193 | Devolution | the transfer of powers and responsibilities from the federal government to the states by Clinton. Failed | 66 | |
| 14790919782 | Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) | The US federal agency with a mission to protect human health and the environment. Several states sued in an effort for fossil fuel regulation. | 67 |
