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| 4813898721 | federalism | A way of organizing a nation so that two or more levels of government have formal authority over the same land and people. It is a system of shared power between units of government. | 0 | |
| 4813907047 | unitary governments | A way of organizing a nation so that all power resides in the central government. Most national governments today are unitary governments. | 1 | |
| 4813919175 | confederation* | weak national government; all power in components | 2 | |
| 4813923077 | intergovernmental relations | The workings of the federal system - the entire set of interactions among national, state, and local governments. | 3 | |
| 4814068952 | supremacy clause | Article VI of the Constitution, which makes the Constitution, national laws, and treaties supreme over state laws when the national government is acting within its constitutional limits. | 4 | |
| 4814077120 | Tenth Amendment | The constitutional amendment stating that "The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people." | 5 | |
| 4814154863 | McCulloch v. Maryland | A 1819 Supreme Court decision that established the supremacy of the national government over state governments. In deciding this case, Chief Justice John Marshall and his colleagues held that Congress had certain implied powers in addition to the enumerated powers found in the Constitution. | 6 | |
| 4814158018 | enumerated powers | Powers of the federal government that are specifically addressed in the Constitution; for Congress, these powers are listed in Article I, Section 8, and include the power to coin money, regulate its value, and impose taxes. | 7 | |
| 4814163305 | implied powers | Powers of the federal government that go beyond those enumerated in the Constitution. The Constitution states that Congress has the power to "make all laws necessary and proper for carrying into execution" the powers enumerated in Article I. | 8 | |
| 4814168043 | elastic clause | The final paragraph of Article I, Section 8, of the Constitution, which authorizes Congress to pass all laws "necessary and proper" to carry out those enumerated powers. | 9 | |
| 4814181100 | Gibbons v. Ogden | A landmark case decided in 1824 in which the Supreme Court interpreted very broadly the clause in Article I, Section 8, of the Constitution giving Congress the power to regulate interstate commerce, encompassing virtually every form of commercial activity. | 10 | |
| 4814338077 | full faith and credit clause | A clause in Article IV, Section 1, of the Constitution requiring each state to recognize the official documents and civil judgements rendered by the courts of other states. | 11 | |
| 4814341654 | extradition | A legal process whereby an alleged criminal offender is surrendered by the officials of one state to officials of the state in which the crime is alleged to have been committed. | 12 | |
| 4814347118 | privileges and immunities | A clause in Article IV, Section 2, of the Constitution according citizens of each state most of the privileges of citizens of other states. | 13 | |
| 4814362500 | dual federalism | A system of government in which both the states and the national government remain supreme within their own spheres, each responsible for some policies. | 14 | |
| 4814366634 | cooperative federalism | A system of government in which powers and policy assignments are shared between states and the national government. They may also share costs, administration, and even blame for programs that work poorly. | 15 | |
| 4814547086 | fiscal federalism | The pattern of spending, taxing, and providing grants in the federal system; it is the cornerstone of the national government's relations with state and local governments. | 16 | |
| 4814595892 | categorical grants | Federal grants that can be used only for specific purposes, or "categories," of state and local spending. They come with strings attached, such as nondiscrimination provisions. | 17 | |
| 4814658634 | project grants | Federal categorical grants given for specific purposes and awarded on the basis of the merits of applications. | 18 | |
| 4814662012 | formula grants | Federal categorical grants distributed according to a formula specified in legislation or in administrative regulations. | 19 | |
| 4814685883 | block grants | Federal grants given more or less automatically to states or communities to support broad programs in areas such as community development and social services. | 20 | |
| 4815001381 | four reasons federal government has gained power relative to states | implied powers, commerce power, the Civil War, struggle for racial equality | 21 | |
| 4815011527 | three states' obligations to each other | full faith and credit, extradition, privileges and immunities | 22 | |
| 4815015426 | three factors of cooperative federalism | shared costs, federal guidelines, shared administration | 23 | |
| 4815019104 | four advantages of democracy | more opportunities to participate in politics, increased access to government, losing elections is more acceptable, diversity of opinion | 24 | |
| 4815023313 | three disadvantages of democracy | states differ in resources devoted to services (ex. education), local interests are able to thwart national majority support, large number of governments is hard to control | 25 | |
| 4815030761 | eight powers granted to national government | coin money, conduct foreign relations, regulate commerce, provide an army and a navy, declare war, establish courts, establish post offices, make necessary and proper laws | 26 | |
| 4815039704 | seven powers granted to both national and state governments | tax, borrow money, establish courts, make and enforce laws, charter banks and corporations, spend money for the general welfare, take private property for public purposes with just compensation | 27 | |
| 4815045503 | six powers granted to state governments | establish local governments, regulate commerce within a state, conduct elections, ratify amendments, take measures for public health, safety, and morals, 10th Amendment | 28 | |
| 4815054030 | three powers denied to national government | tax articles exported from one state to another, violate Bill of Rights, change state boundaries | 29 | |
| 4815057250 | three powers denied to national and state governments | grant titles of nobility, permit slavery, deny citizens right to vote because of race, color, servitude, or gender | 30 | |
| 4815064257 | five powers denied to state governments | tax imports or exports, coin money, enter into treaties, impair obligations or contracts, abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens or deny due process and equal protection of the law | 31 |
