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| 9647594360 | Civil Rights | Policies designed to protect people against arbitrary or discriminatory treatment by government officials or individuals. | 0 | |
| 9647594361 | 14th Amendment | all persons born in the U.S. are citizens & are guaranteed equal protection of the laws; gave black Americans citizenship & legal equality; still allowed the North to prohibit black suffrage. |  | 1 |
| 9647594362 | Equal Protection clause | all citizens receive "equal protection of the laws." |  | 2 |
| 9647594363 | Dred Scott vs. Sanford | 1857 supreme court case ruling that a slave that has escaped to a free state enjoyed no rights as a citizen and congress had no authority to ban slavery in the territory. |  | 3 |
| 9647594364 | 13th Amendment | Abolished slavery. First of three "Reconstruction Amendments" passed after Civil War (1865-70) |  | 4 |
| 9647594365 | Plessy vs. Ferguson | (1896) Supreme Court decision that created the "separate but equal" doctrine. As a result many states across the South had "Jim Crow Laws." Separate water fountains, restrooms, entrances, segregated seating at movie theatres, etc. Most importantly, segregated schools. |  | 5 |
| 9647594366 | Brown vs. Board of Education | 1954- court decision that declared state laws segregating schools to be unconstitutional. Overturned Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) |  | 6 |
| 9647594367 | Civil Rights Act of 1964 | law making racial discrimination in hotels, motels, and restaurants illegal and forbid many forms of job discrimination. Public discrimination |  | 7 |
| 9647594368 | Suffrage | the legal right to vote extended to African Americans by the Fifteenth amendment, to women by the Nineteenth amendment, and to people over the age of 18 by the twenty-sixth amendment. |  | 8 |
| 9647594369 | 15th amendment | African-American males received the right to vote |  | 9 |
| 9647594370 | Poll Taxes | Small taxes levied on the right to vote that often fell due at a time of year when poor African-American sharecroppers had the least cash on hand. This method was used by most Southern states to exclude African Americans from voting. |  | 10 |
| 9647594371 | White primary | the practice of keeping blacks from voting in the southern states' primaries through arbitrary use of registration requirements and intimidation. Declared unconstitutional in 1944. |  | 11 |
| 9647594372 | 24th Amendment | Amendment to the U.S. Constitution (1964) eliminated the poll taxes to vote in national elections. |  | 12 |
| 9647594373 | Voting Rights Act of 1965 | A law designed to help end formal and informal barriers to African American suffrage. Under the law, hundreds of thousands of African Americans were registered and the number of African American elected officials increased dramatically. |  | 13 |
| 9647594375 | 19th Amendment | Amendment to the U.S. Constitution (1920) extended the right to vote to women in federal or state elections. |  | 14 |
| 9647594376 | Reed vs. Reed | 1971 outlawed sexual discrimination |  | 15 |
| 9647594377 | Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 | Passed by Congress in 1990, this act banned discrimination against the disabled in employment and mandated easy access to all public and commercial buildings. |  | 16 |
| 9647594378 | Affirmative Action | A policy designed to redress past discrimination against women and minority groups through measures to improve their economic and educational opportunities |  | 17 |
| 9647594379 | Regents of the University of California vs. Bakke | A 1978 Supreme Court decision holding that a state university could weigh race or ethnic background as an element of admitting, but couldn't set aside places for members of particular racial groups. |  | 18 |
| 9647594380 | civil disobedience | A non-violent public refusal to obey allegedly unjust laws. | 19 | |
| 9647594381 | de facto segregation | Racial segregation that occurs of past social and economic conditions and residential patterns. | 20 | |
| 9647594382 | de jure segregation | Racial segregation that occurs because of laws or administrative decisions by public agencies. | 21 | |
| 9647594383 | literacy tests | A test administered as a precondition for voting, often used to prevent African-Americans from exercising their right to vote. | 22 | |
| 9647594384 | grandfather clause | A device used by southern states to exempt whites from state taxes and literacy laws originally intended to disenfranchise African-American voters. It restricted the voting franchise to those who could prove that their grandfathers had voted before 1867. | 23 | |
| 9647594385 | Equal Pay Act | An amendment to the Fair Labor Standards Act, this act requires equal pay for men and women doing equal work. | 24 | |
| 9647594386 | Separate but equal doctrine | the doctrine established by Plessy v Ferguson (1896) that African Americans could constitutionally be kept in separate but equal facilities | 25 | |
| 9647594387 | Obergefell v. Hodges | Court held that the due process clause of the 14th amendment guarantees the right to marry as a fundamental liberty, and that it applies to same-sex couples. Made gay marriage legal in all 50 states. | 26 | |
| 9647594388 | Shaw v. Reno | Racial gerrymandering is unconstitutional. | 27 | |
| 9647594389 | Heart of Atlanta v. U.S. | Commerce Clause power allows Congress to eliminate acts of private discrimination | 28 | |
| 9647594390 | Racial gerrymandering | the drawing of election districts so as to ensure that members of a certain race are a minority in the district. | 29 | |
| 9647594391 | Title IX of the 1972 Education Act | Prohibited gender discrimination in federally subsidized education programs | 30 | |
| 9647594392 | Jim Crow laws | mandated de jure racial segregation in all public facilities, with a supposedly "separate but equal" status for black Americans | 31 | |
| 9647594393 | Segregation | the action or state of setting someone or something apart from other people or things or being set apart. | 32 | |
| 9647594394 | Strict scrutiny test | test, used by the Supreme Court in racial discrimination cases. The government must show that the discrimination is a "narrowly tailored" solution to achieving a compelling government interest. | 33 | |
| 9647594395 | Intermediate Scrutiny | Test used by Supreme Court for cases involving discrimination by gender. Government must show a very good reason for the discrimination. | 34 | |
| 9647594396 | Rational Basis | Test used by the Court for cases involving most types of discrimination outside of race and gender. Government just has to show a reason. | 35 | |
| 9647594397 | Lawrence v. Texas | Court ruled that the right to privacy forbids government from declaring sexual activities between consenting adults of the same gender. | 36 |
