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| 64323201 | Direct Democracy | type of government characterized by citizens attending a town meeting and voting on issues raised, with the majority prevailing. | |
| 64323202 | Elite and Class theory | a group theory that revolves around an economic strata of societycontrolling the policy agenda. | |
| 64323203 | Government | those institutions that create public policy. | |
| 64323204 | Hyperpluralism | is a group theory characterized by many interest groups vying for controlresulting in a government that is tied up in gridlock. | |
| 64323205 | Linkage institution | the means by which individuals can express preferences regarding the development of public policy. | |
| 64323206 | Loose construction | a liberal interpretation of the Constitution. | |
| 64323207 | Pluralism | a group theory that involves different groups all vying for control of the policy agenda. No single group emerges, forcing the groups to compromise. | |
| 64323208 | Policy agenda | agenda that results from the interaction of linkage institutions. | |
| 64323209 | Political party | a group of people joined together by common philosophies and common approaches with the aim of getting candidates elected in order to develop and implement public policy. It is characterized by an organization that is responsible to the electorate and has a role ingovernment. | |
| 64323210 | Politics | who gets what, when, how, and why. | |
| 64323211 | Public policy | the final action(s) taken by government in promotional, regulatory, or distributive form | |
| 64323212 | Representative Democracy | form of government that relies on the consent of the people and is often called a republican government. | |
| 64323213 | Strict constructionists | individuals who believe in a conservative interpretation of the Constitution. | |
| 64323214 | Unitary system of government | type of government that centralizes all the powers of government into one central authority. | |
| 64323836 | Anti-Federalists | led by Thomas Jefferson, one of the first political parties urging the rejection of the Constitution. Its members were farmers and represented the interest of the common people | |
| 64323837 | Articles of Confederation | the first adopted written constitution of the newly independent United States. Because of its weaknesses, the period of time it governed (1781-1789) became known as the critical period. | |
| 64323838 | Consent of the governed | a derivative of the doctrine of natural rights; a philosophy, later adopted by Jefferson when he drafted the Declaration of Independence, that puts the authority of the government in the people's hands. | |
| 64323839 | Constitution | provides the basic framework of government. It is the supreme law of the land. | |
| 64323840 | Declaration of Independence | blueprint for the American Revolution containing three parts. The first part—an introduction including ideas such as natural rights as related to life, liberty and property, the consent of the governed and the concept of limited government. The second part—a list of grievances against the King of England and the third part—a declaration of independence. | |
| 64323841 | Democratic-Republicans | led by Thomas Jefferson, they were characterized as the party of the "common man." They believed in a more limited role of the central government. | |
| 64323842 | Federalist Papers | written using the pen name Publius; John Jay, Alexander Hamilton, and James Madison wrote a series of articles urging the adoption of the Constitution. They argued for establishing a government that could deal with "the tyranny of the majority" by creating three branches of government having distinctive and separate powers. | |
| 64323843 | Federalist Party | headed by Alexander Hamilton, this party, made up of the country's upper class, supported a strong national government and set a policy agenda that would solve the nation's economic problems. | |
| 64323844 | Limited government | derived from the doctrine of natural rights, it was adopted by Jefferson and restricts the power of government especially in the area of protecting the rights of the people. | |
| 64323845 | Natural rights | part of Locke's philosophy; rights that are God given such as life, liberty, and property. | |
| 64323846 | New Jersey Plan | offered at the Constitutional Convention at Philadelphia, it urged the delegates to create a legislature based on equal representation by the states. | |
| 64323847 | Second Treatise of Civil Government | written by John Locke, it contains the blueprint principles found in the Declaration of Independence. | |
| 64323848 | Shay's Rebellion | a failed attempt by Daniel Shay, a farmer who lost his property, to revolt against the state government. | |
| 64323849 | Three-Fifths Compromise | offered at the Constitutional Convention at Philadelphia, it was adopted by the delegates and counted every five slaves as three people for representation and tax purposes. | |
| 64323850 | Unalienable rights | rights such as life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness, which are derived from the doctrine of natural rights. | |
| 64323851 | Virginia Plan | offered at the Constitutional Convention at Philadelphia, it urged the delegates to create a legislature based on the population of each state. | |
| 64325273 | Bicameral | a two-house legislature. | |
| 64325274 | Checks and balances | a key aspect of the Constitution of the United States protecting the balance of power among the three branches of government. The concept was first suggested by JamesMadison in the Federalist Papers. | |
| 64325275 | Elastic Clause | found in Article I Section 8 of the Constitution, it gives Congress the power to make "all laws necessary and proper" to carry out the other defined powers of Congress. | |
| 64325276 | Electoral college | consists of presidential electors from each state. The number of electors is based on the state's population. The states with the greatest population have the most electoral votes. When the voter casts a vote for president, in reality the vote goes to one of the presidential electors designated by the candidate in that state. The number of electors for each state equals the number of senators and representatives that state has in Congress. The candidate with a majority of the electoral votes is elected to office. If no candidate receives a majority, the House of Representatives will determine the outcome of the election. | |
| 64325277 | Enumerated powers | delegated powers of Congress, including the power to collect taxes, pay debts, provide for the common defense and general welfare, regulate commerce among the states, coin money, and declare war. | |
| 64325278 | Ex post facto laws | laws that take effect after the act takes place. Congress is prohibited from enacting this type of legislation. | |
| 64325279 | Executive privilege | the ability of the president to protect personal material. | |
| 64325280 | Federalism | the overall division of power between the federal government and state governments; as defined in the Tenth Amendment of the Constitution. It specifically tells the states that they have reserved powers. Powers not delegated to the government by the Constitution are given to the respective states. | |
| 64325281 | Full faith and credit | phrase used to describe the mutual respect and legality of laws, public records, and judicial decisions made by states. | |
| 64325282 | Judicial review | derived from the Marbury v Madison decision, it gives the Supreme Court the power to interpret the Constitution and specifically acts of Congress, the president, and the states. | |
| 64325283 | Preamble | the introduction to the Constitution, outlining the goals of the document. | |
| 64325284 | Privileges and immunities | the guarantees that the rights of a citizen in one state will be respected by other states. Also a clause in the Fourteenth Amendment that protects citizens from abuses by a state. | |
| 64325285 | Reserved Power Amendment | found in the Tenth Amendment, it gives states powers not delegated to the national government. | |
| 64325286 | Separation of powers | originally developed by Montesquieu in The Spirit of Natural Laws written during the Enlightenment and James Madison in Federalist No. 48, this important doctrine resulted in the establishment of three separate branches of government—the legislative, executive, and judicial branches, each having distinct and unique powers. | |
| 64325287 | Supremacy clause | clause that states that "the Constitution, and the laws of the United States... shall be the supreme law of the land." | |
| 64325688 | Block grants | a form of fiscal federalism where federal aid is given to the states with few strings attached. | |
| 64325689 | Categorical grants | include project and formula grants and aim at assisting the states in areas such as health, income security, and education. | |
| 64325690 | Competitive federalism | begun under Richard Nixon and known as the new federalism, this approach stressed the downsizing of the federal government and more reliance on revenue sharing and grants. | |
| 64325691 | Cooperative federalism | developed during the New Deal, it is characterized by the federal government's becoming more intrusive in what were traditionally state powers. | |
| 64325692 | Creative federalism | developed during President Lyndon Johnson's administration, it was characterized by the Great Society programs which placed a major responsibility on federally funded programs. | |
| 64325693 | Dual federalism | the earliest type of relationship established between the federal government and the states where the federal government's powers were defined as delegated and the state government's powers were reserved. | |
| 64325694 | Fiscal federalism | a concept of federalism where funding is appropriated by the federal government to the states with specific conditions attached. The legislation can be in the form of mandates. | |
| 64325695 | Funded mandates | those regulations passed by Congress or issued by regulatory agencies to the states with federal funds to support them. | |
| 64325696 | Layer cake federalism | federalism characterized by a national government exercising its power independently from state governments. | |
| 64325697 | Marble cake federalism | also known as cooperative federalism, it developed during the New Deal and is characterized by the federal government's becoming more intrusive in what was traditionally states' powers. | |
| 64325698 | Unfunded mandates | those regulations passed by Congress or issued by regulatory agencies to the states without federal funds to support them. | |
| 64326584 | Bill of Rights | adopted in 1791 by the states two years after the ratification of the Constitution, it established the basis of civil liberties for Americans. | |
| 64326585 | Civil liberties | those rights of the people that are protected by the Bill of Rights. | |
| 64326586 | Clear and Present Danger Doctrine | established in Schenck v United States (1919), it gives the government the right to censor free speech if, during national emergencies such as war, it can be proven that the result of the speech will significantly hurt national security. | |
| 64326587 | Cruel and unusual punishment | doctrine found in the Eighth Amendment to the Constitution that prohibits the federal government from imposing excessive penalties for crimes committed. | |
| 64326588 | Double jeopardy | legal concept wherein once a verdict is handed down, you cannot be tried again for the same crime. | |
| 64326589 | Establishment clause | component of the First Amendment to the Constitution that defines the right of the citizens to practice their religions without governmental interference. It also places a restriction on government creating a "wall of separation" between church and state. | |
| 64326590 | Exclusionary rule | rule that resulted from the Mapp v Ohio decision determining that police may obtain only that evidence that can be had through a legitimate search warrant. Other evidence found at the scene of the crime is not admissible, or is excluded, in the trial. | |
| 64326591 | Fighting words doctrine | established in Chaplinsky v New Hampshire (1942), the decision incorporated into state law the concept that the government can limit free speech if it can be proved that the result of speech will cause physical violence. | |
| 64326592 | Gitlow v New York | landmark decision in that the Supreme Court incorporated the First Amendment to a state case for the first time. | |
| 64326593 | Incorporation of the Fourteenth Amendment | doctrine that made the Bill of Rights apply to the states as a result of Supreme Court decisions. Even though the Fourteenth Amendment was ratified in 1868, incorporation started to take place in the 1920s. It reached a peak during the Warren Court in the late 1950s and 1960s. | |
| 64326594 | Indictment | a formal list of charges made by a grand jury and guaranteed in the Fifth Amendment. | |
| 64326595 | Judicial federalism | the extension of the Bill of Rights to the citizens of the states, creating a concept of dual citizenship, wherein a citizen was under the jurisdiction of the national government as well as state governments. | |
| 64326596 | Living will | a legitimate document that can be used to direct a hospital to allow an individual to direct a medical facility not to use extraordinary means such as life support to keep a patient alive. The doctrine was declared constitutional in the case of Cruzan v Missouri Department of Health (1990). | |
| 64326597 | Miranda rights | those rights directing police to inform the accused upon their arrest of their constitutional right to remain silent, that anything said could be used in court, that they have the right to consult with a lawyer at anytime during the process, that a lawyer will be provided if the accused cannot afford one, that the accused understand these rights, and that the accused has the right to answer any questions at any time and request a lawyer at any point. | |
| 64326598 | Procedural due process | a series of steps that are established by the Fifth, Sixth, and Seventh Amendments that protect the rights of the accused at every step of the investigation. | |
| 64326599 | Separation of church and state | Also known as the "establishment clause," it is part of the First Amendment to the Constitution prohibiting the federal government from creating a state-supported | |
| 64327191 | Substantive due process | legal process that places limits related to the content of legislation and the extent government can use its power to enact unreasonable laws. | |
| 64327192 | Symbolic speech | forms of free speech guaranteed under the First Amendment to the Constitution,such as wearing a black armband to protest a governmental action or burning an American flag in protest for political reasons. | |
| 64327193 | Affirmative Action | programs for minorities supported by government as a means of providing equality under the law. | |
| 64327194 | Americans with Disabilities Act | act that required employers, schools, and public buildings to reasonably accommodate the physical needs of handicapped individuals by providing such things as ramps and elevators with appropriate facilities. | |
| 64327195 | Brandeis Brief | a friend of the court opinion offered by Louis Brandeis, in the Supreme Court case Muller v Oregon (1908), which spoke about inherent differences between men and women in the workplace. | |
| 64327196 | Civil rights | the application of equal protection under the law to individuals. | |
| 64327197 | De facto segregation | segregation of schools and other public facilities through circumstance with no law supporting it. | |
| 64327198 | De jure segregation | segregation by law, made illegal by Brown v Board of Education. | |
| 64327199 | Immigration Act of 1991 | act that shifted the quota of immigrants to Europe and aimed to attract immigrants who were trained workers. | |
| 64327200 | Jim Crow laws | legislation that legalized segregation even after the adoption of the Fourteenth Amendment. | |
| 64327201 | Nationalization of the Bill of Rights | a judicial doctrine of the Fourteenth Amendment that applied the Bill of Rights to the states in matters such as segregation. | |
| 64327202 | Plessy v Ferguson (1896) | case that ruled that states had the right to impose "separate but equal" facilities on its citizens as well as create other laws that segregated the races. | |
| 64327203 | Seneca Falls Convention | in 1848, Elizabeth Cady Stanton led the fight for political suffrage and supported a doctrine very similar in nature to the Declaration of Independence called the Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions. It became a rallying document in the fight for women's rights. | |
| 64327204 | Separate but equal | the judicial precedent established in the Plessy v Ferguson decision that enabled states to interpret the equal protection provision of the Fourteenth Amendment as a means of establishing segregation. | |
| 64328324 | Bully pulpits | the ability to use the office of the presidency to promote a particular program and/or to influence Congress to accept legislative proposals. | |
| 64328325 | Cabinet | part of the "unwritten Constitution," it was first established by George Washington and includes federal departments such as state, defense etc. | |
| 64328326 | Chief executive | used to describe the president. Powers found in Article II of the Constitution. | |
| 64328327 | Executive office of the | , created by Franklin Roosevelt in 1939; it has four major policy making bodies today—the National Security Council, the Council of Economic Advisors, the Office of president Management and Budget, and the Office of National Drug Control Policy. | |
| 64328328 | Imperial presidency | term developed by historian Arthur Schlesinger Jr.; refers to presidents who dominate the political and legislative agenda. | |
| 64328329 | Line item veto | policy that would allow the president to veto selectively what he considers unnecessary spending items contained in legislation. | |
| 64328330 | National Security Council | chaired by the president, it is the lead advisory board in the area of national and international security. The other members of the council include the vice president, secretaries of state and defense, director of the Central Intelligence Agency, and chair of the joint chiefs of staff. | |
| 64328331 | Pocket veto | rejection of legislation that occurs if the president does not sign a bill within 10 days and the Congress also adjourns within the same time period. | |
| 64328332 | Riders | amendments to bills, often in the form of appropriations, that sometimes have nothing to do with the intent of the bill itself and many times are considered to be pork barrel legislation. | |
| 64328333 | Senatorial courtesy | policy that gives senators the right to be notified by the president of pending judicial nominations. Once informed, the approval of the senators from the state from which the judge comes is obtained and the appointment process moves on. This courtesy does not apply to Supreme Court justice nominations. | |
| 64328334 | Trial balloons | selective leaks aimed at testing the political waters. | |
| 64328335 | White House staff | managed by the White House Chief of Staff, who directly advises the president on a daily basis, it includes the more than 600 people who work at the White House, from the chef to the advance people who make travel arrangements. The key staff departments include the political offices of the Office of Communications, Legislative Affairs, Political Affairs, and Intergovernmental Affairs. It includes the support services of Scheduling, Personnel, and Secret Service and the policy offices of the National Security Affairs, Domestic Policy Affairs, and cabinet secretaries. | |
| 64329485 | Baker v Carr | case that established the principle of one man, one vote. This decision createdguidelines for drawing up congressional districts and guaranteed a more equitable system of representation to the citizens of each state. | |
| 64329486 | Cloture | the process in which it takes 60 senators to cut off a filibuster and is aimed at protecting minority interests. | |
| 64329487 | Conference committee | a committee consisting of senators and representatives that meets to resolve differences in legislation. | |
| 64329488 | Congressional oversight | power used by Congress to gather information useful for the formation of legislation, review the operations and budgets of executive departments and independent regulatory agencies, conduct investigations through committee hearings, and bring to the public's attention the need for public policy. | |
| 64329489 | Distributive policy | results in the government giving benefits directly to people, groups, farmers, and businesses. Typical policies include subsidies, research and development funds for corporations, and direct government aid for highway construction and education. | |
| 64329490 | Gerrymandering | state legislatures, based on political affiliation, create congressional districts, many of which are oddly shaped and favor the political party in power in the state making the changes. | |
| 64329491 | Gridlock | describes people's perception that Congress and the president are in a state of disagreement that results in little legislation passing. | |
| 64329492 | Imperial Congress | describes a Congress that succeeds in establishing itself as dominant in legislative and foreign policy. | |
| 64329493 | Incumbents | those elected officials who are running for new terms of office. | |
| 64329494 | Logrolling | a tactic used in Congress that is best illustrated by one legislator saying to another, "I'll vote for your legislation, if you vote for mine." | |
| 64329495 | Pork barrel legislation | the practice of legislators obtaining funds through legislation that favors their home districts. | |
| 64329496 | President pro tempore | temporary presiding officer of the Senate. | |
| 64329497 | Reapportionment | the process in which a state legislature redraws congressional districts based on population increases or declines. | |
| 64329498 | Reapportionment Act of l929 | act that provides for a permanent size of the House and for the number of seats, based on the census, each state should have. | |
| 64329499 | Redistributive policy | policy that results in the government taking money from one segment of the society through taxes and giving it back to groups in need. It includes such policies as welfare, Aid to Families with Dependent Children, tax credits for business expenses or business investment, and highway construction made possible through a gasoline tax. | |
| 64329500 | Regulatory policy | policy that results in government control over individuals and businesses. Examples of regulatory policy include protection of the environment and consumer protection. | |
| 64329501 | Select committees | specially created congressional committees that conduct special investigations. The Watergate Committee and Iran-Contra investigators were select Senate committees. | |
| 64330423 | Standing committees | committees that deal with proposed bills and also act in an oversight function. They are permanent, existing from one Congress to the next, such as the House Ways and Means and Senate Appropriations. | |
| 64330424 | Whips | also known as assistant floor leaders, they check with party members and inform themajority leader of the status and feelings of the membership regarding issues that are going to bevoted on. Whips are responsible for keeping party members in line and having an accurate count of who will be voting for or against a particular bill. | |
| 64330425 | Amicus curiae | "friend of the court"; briefs that may be sent to support the position of one side or the other. | |
| 64330426 | Cases of equity | those cases that cannot be resolved under common law precedent. | |
| 64330427 | Civil law | deals with contract issues and tort cases such as negligence and slander and defines the legal rights of individuals. | |
| 64330428 | Common law | based on the legal concept of stare decis, or judicial precedent. | |
| 64330429 | Constitutional courts | courts that were formed to carry out the direction in the Constitution so that the Courts would exercise their judicial power. | |
| 64330430 | Criminal law | cases that derive from criminal laws passed by the federal and state governments. | |
| 64330431 | Fletcher v Peck | decision that established the precedent that the Supreme Court could rule a state law unconstitutional. | |
| 64330432 | Gibbon v Ogden | case established the principle that Congress has sole authority over interstate commerce. | |
| 64330433 | Judicial activism | a philosophy of judicial review that results in decisions that overturn precedent. | |
| 64330434 | Judicial restraint | a court that maintains the status quo or mirrors what the other branches of government have established as current policy. | |
| 64330435 | Judiciary committee | key Senate committee that is responsible for recommending presidential judicial appointments to the full Senate for approval. | |
| 64330436 | Marshall Court | John Marshall's tenure as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, whose leadership resulted in the landmark decisions of Marbury v Madison, McCulloch v Maryland, and Gibbons vOgden. These cases shifted power to the judiciary and federal government. | |
| 64330437 | McCulloch v Maryland | case that established the principle that the federal government was supreme over the state. | |
| 64331329 | Original jurisdiction | cases heard by the Supreme Court that do not come on appeal and that affect ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, and those in which a State shall be a party. | |
| 64331330 | Public law | includes constitutional law (cases involving constitutional issues), and administrative law (cases involving disputes over the jurisdiction of public or administrative agencies). | |
| 64331331 | Special courts | courts created by Congress to deal with cases deriving from the delegated powers of Congress such as military appeals, tax appeals, and veteran appeals. | |
| 64331332 | Stare decisis | Latin for judicial precedent, this concept originated in England in the twelfth century when judges settled disputes based on custom and tradition. | |
| 64331333 | Writ of certiorari | Latin for "to be made more certain," the process in which the Supreme Courtaccepts written briefs on appeal based on the "rule of four" justices voting to hear the case. | |
| 64331334 | Acquisitive bureaucracies | organizations that are self-perpetuating and demand funding that will result in the continued existence of the agency. | |
| 64331335 | Bureaucracies | large administrative agencies reflecting a hierarchical authority, job specialization, and rules and regulations that drive them. | |
| 64331336 | Civil Service Reform Act | law that replaced the Civil Service Commission with the Office of Personnel Management and the Merit Systems Protection Board. These agencies are responsible for enforcing existing civil service laws, coordinating the testing of applicants, setting up pay scales, and appointing people to federal jobs. | |
| 64331337 | Division of labor | skilled workers each have a specialized function, resulting in increased productivity. | |
| 64331338 | Government corporation | such as the Tennessee Valley Authority, created during the New Deal, having specific responsibilities that facilitate a specific operation of the government. | |
| 64331339 | Hatch Act | law that places restrictions on the kind of political activity a federal employee may participate in. | |
| 64331340 | Independent regulatory agencies | agencies that are quasi legislative and quasi judicial in nature and operation. Examples include the Food and Drug Administration and Environmental Protection Agency. | |
| 64331341 | Iron triangle network | the interrelationship among bureaucracies, the government, interest groups, and the public, which also establishes a pattern of relationships among an agency in the executive branch, Congress, and one or more outside clients of that agency. | |
| 64331342 | Monopolistic bureaucracies | organizations where there is no competitive equal, such as the Social Security Administration, that also exists in the private sector. Thus the citizen is forced to deal with that particular government agency. | |
| 64332446 | Pendleton Act | known as the Civil Service Act of 1883, it set up merit as the criterion for hiring, promoting, and firing federal employees. | |
| 64332447 | Quasi-judicial | a characteristic of independent regulatory agencies that gives them judicial power to interpret regulations they create. | |
| 64332448 | Quasi-legislative | a characteristic of independent regulatory agencies that gives them legislative powers to issue regulations. | |
| 64332449 | Red tape | used to describe the difficulty it takes to get answers from a bureaucratic agency. REGO, better known as reinventing government, the plan introduced by President Clinton and Vice President Gore that called for reducing the federal work force by 12 percent, updating information systems, eliminating wasteful programs and procedures, and cutting red tape. | |
| 64332450 | Regulatory policy | policy that results in government control over individuals and businesses. Examples of regulatory policy include protection of the environment and consumer protection. | |
| 64332905 | McGovern-Frasier Commission | commission that brought significant representation changes to the party. It made future conventions more democratic by including more minority representation. | |
| 64332906 | National committee | the governing body of a political party made up of state and national party leaders. | |
| 64332907 | National nominating conventions | the governing authority of the political party. They give direction to the national party chairperson, the spokesperson of the party, and the person who heads the national committee, the governing body of the party. They are also the forums where presidential candidates are given the official nod by their parties. | |
| 64332908 | New Democrat | a term created by the Democratic Leadership Council in 1992, it denotes a more conservative, centrist Democrat. | |
| 64332909 | Party dealignment | a shift away from the major political parties to a more neutral, independent ideological view of party identification. | |
| 64332910 | Party eras | a time period characterized by national dominance by one political party. There have been four major party eras in American history—the era of good feeling, the Republican era following the Civil War, the Democratic era following the election of Franklin Roosevelt, and the Republican era following the election of Richard Nixon. | |
| 64332911 | Party machine | party organization that exists on the local level and uses patronage as the means o keep the party members in line. Boss Tweed and Tammany Hall are examples. | |
| 64332912 | Party platforms | oted on by the delegates attending the National Convention, they represent the ideological point of view of a political party. | |
| 64332913 | Party realignment | the signaling resulting from a national election or a major shift in the political spectrum and characterized by the start of a party era. | |
| 64333347 | Civil Rights Act of 1964 | act that prohibited the use of any registration requirement that resulted in discrimination and paved the way for the involvement of the federal government to enforce the law. | |
| 64333348 | Fairness doctrine | scrapped in 1987, it provided that the media air opposing opinions of the same issue. | |
| 64333349 | Literacy laws | declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court, they were passed by southern states after the Civil War aimed at making reading a requirement for voting so that freed slaves could not vote. | |
| 64333350 | Mass media | consisting of television, radio, newspapers, and magazines, they reach a large segmentof the population. It is also considered one of the linkage institutions. | |
| 64333351 | Motor Voter Act of 1993 | signed into law by President Clinton, it enables people to register to vote at motor vehicle departments. | |
| 64333352 | Political socialization | the factors that determine voting behavior such as family, religion, and ethnic background. | |
| 64333353 | Poll tax | made illegal by the Twenty-Fourth Amendment to the Constitution, it was a tax instituted by mainly southern states as a condition to vote and had the effect of preventing African Americans from voting. |
