AP Test Prep
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| 9825814021 | Pyramid Structure | A president's subordinates report to him through a clear chain of command headed by a chief of staff. | 0 | |
| 9825814022 | Circular Structure | a method of organizing a president's staff in which several presidential assistants report directly to the president | 1 | |
| 9825814023 | Ad Hoc Structure | Several subordinates, cabinet officers, and committees report directly to the president on different matters | 2 | |
| 9825814024 | Cabinet | persons appointed by a head of state to head executive departments of government and act as official advisers | 3 | |
| 9825814025 | Executive Office of the President | The cluster of presidential staff agencies that help the president carry out his responsibilities. Currently the office includes the Office of Management and Budget, the Council of Economic Advisers, and several other units. | 4 | |
| 9825814026 | Office of Management and Budget (OMB) | the office that prepares the president's annual budget proposal, reviews the budget and programs of the executive departments, supplies economic forecasts, and conducts detailed analyses of proposed bills and agency rules. | 5 | |
| 9825814027 | National Security Council (NSC) | An office created in 1947 to coordinate the president's foreign and military policy advisors. Its formal members are the president, vice president, secretary of state, and secretary of defense, and it is managed by the president's national security advisor. | 6 | |
| 9825814028 | Council of Economic Advisors (CEA) | Has 3 members, appointed by the President. They help the President make policy on inflation, unemployment, & other economic matters. | 7 | |
| 9825814029 | Executive (Cabinet) Departments | 1. The 15 cabinet departments 2. Each department specialized to enforce laws/policies in a particular area and is made up of agencies to do so 3. Each cabinet is supervised by a secretary who s a presidential appointee that has been approved by the Senate 4. Cabinet Department Hierarchy: President--> Department Secretary --> Deputy Secretary --> Under Secretary | 8 | |
| 9825814030 | Independent Regulatory Commissions | 1. In charge of making, enforcing and regulating rules to protect the public interest in certain areas of the economy 2. Benefit: Independence increases each agency's ability to focus on its mission Cost: Independence also weakens its willingness to cooperate 3. Examples: Federal Communications Commission (FCC), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Federal reserve board (FRB) | 9 | |
| 9825814031 | Acting Appointments | Most appointments are in the President's cabinet, and ambassadors. When those appointments resign, become too ill, die in office, and can no longer function in the position, a temporary member of their staff, usually a deputy or asssistant, assumes their role until the President can nominate, and the Senate approve, a new appointment. | 10 | |
| 9825814033 | Veto Message | A message from the president to Congress stating that he will not sign a bill it has passed. Must be produced within ten days of the bill's passage. Ex:, 1832 - Jackson, in his veto message of the recharter of the Second Bank of the U.S., said that the bank was a monopoly that catered to the rich, and that it was owned by the wealthy and by foreigners. | 11 | |
| 9825814039 | Congressional Budget and Impoundment Act (1974) | an act designed to reform the congressional budgetary process, including by forcing Congress to look at the budget as a whole. It was intended to make Congress less dependent on the president's budget and better able to set and meet its own budgetary goals. | 12 | |
| 9825814040 | Impoundment | Presidential refusal to allow an agency to spend funds that Congress authorized and appropriated. | 13 | |
| 9825814052 | Executive Orders | Formal orders issued by the president to direct action by the bureaucracy. | 14 | |
| 9825814056 | Bureaucracy | system of managing government through departments run by appointed officials | 15 | |
| 9825814057 | Patronage | (politics) granting favors or giving contracts or making appointments to office in return for political support | 16 | |
| 9825814058 | Spoils System | The practice of rewarding supporters with government jobs. Jackson made this practice famous for the way he did it on a wide scale. | 17 | |
| 9825814059 | Pendleton Act | created a federal civil service so that hiring and promotion would be based on merit | 18 | |
| 9825814066 | Discretionary Authority | the extent to which appointed bureaucrats can choose coarses of action and make policies that are not spelled out in advance by laws | 19 | |
| 9825814067 | Competitive Service | the government offices to which people are appointed on the basis of merit, as ascertained by a written exam or by applying certain selection criteria | 20 | |
| 9825814068 | Office of Personnel Management (OPM) | 1. Administer civil service laws and regulations 2. In charge of hiring for most federal agencies | 21 | |
| 9825814069 | Excepted Service | Appointed of officials not based on the criteria specified by OPM | 22 | |
| 9825814070 | Merit System | hiring people into government jobs on the basis of their qualifications, rather than patronage. | 23 | |
| 9825814071 | Civil Service Reform Act of 1978 | recognized that many high level positions in the civil service have important policy making responsibilities and that the president and his cabinet officers ought to have more flexibility in recruiting, assigning, and paying such people. | 24 | |
| 9825814072 | Hatch Act | Limits political activities of civil service employees (running partisan elections, making or soliciting political contributions, influencing elections, running for office as a member of a political party, etc...) | 25 | |
| 9825814073 | Whistle Blower Protection Act (1989) | Created the Office of Special Counsel to investigate complaints from bureaucrats that were punished after reporting to Congress about waste, fraud, or abuse in their agencies. (WHISTLE BLOWER) | 26 | |
| 9825814076 | Appropriations | the amounts of money approved by Congress in statutes (bills) that each unit or agency of government can spend | 27 | |
| 9825814077 | Committee Clearance | the right of committees to disapprove of certain agency actions | 28 | |
| 9825814080 | Red Tape | Complex bureaucratic rules and procedures that must be followed to get something done | 29 | |
| 9825814081 | National Performance Review | called the plan to reinvent government led by VP Al Gore; make it easier for pres and cabinet secretaries to run bureaucracy; efficiency accountability and consistent policies | 30 | |
| 9825814082 | Going Native | Administrators identifying themselves with the interests of their own departments and promoting such interests contrary to the policy preferences of the President | 31 | |
| 9825814083 | Freedom of Information Act (1966) | Provides a system for the public to obtain government records, as long as they do not invade individuals' privacy, reveal trade secrets, or endanger military security. | 32 | |
| 9825835159 | hierarchical authority | a chain of command in which authority follows from the top down | 33 | |
| 9825841284 | Job specialization | each employee has defined duties and responsibilities | 34 | |
| 9825846857 | Formal rules | all employees must follow established procedures and regulations | 35 | |
| 9825859311 | Standard operating procedure (SOP) | procedures formalized in procedural manuals meant to increase efficiency and standard decision making | 36 | |
| 9825909999 | 2 Ways Federal Bureaucracy Hires Employees | 1. Civil service system 2. Presidential recruitment and appointment | 37 | |
| 9825931171 | Office of Management and Budget (OMB) | 1. Responsible for the preparation of the federal budget, which must be submitted to Congress 2. Oversees congressional appropriations | 38 | |
| 9826013471 | 4 categories of Federal Bureaucracy | 1. Executive (Cabinet) Departments 2. Independent Regulatory Commissions 3. Government Corporations 4. Independent Executive Agencies | 39 | |
| 9826214933 | Government Corporations | 1. Are intended to act more like businesses 2. Make money by charging for services 3. Example: a) US Postal Services sells stamps and charges for mail delivery b) Amtrak sells railroad tickets and charges shipping costs. | 40 | |
| 9826240306 | Independent Executive Agencies | 1. Small bureaucracies that serve a specific group of Americans or work on specific problems 2. Independence increases each agency's ability to focus on its mission 3. Leaders generally appointed by the president and may have partisan motivations 4. Examples: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), National Aeronautical and Space Agency (NASA) | 41 | |
| 9826328480 | Iron Triangle | 1. Interest group advocates a policy 2. Congressional committee writes/handles that policy 3. bureaucratic agency in charge of enforcing that policy |  | 42 |
