Chapter 13 Key Terms for the 12th edition of Government in America: People, Politics, and Policy by George C. Edwards III, Martin P. Wattenberg, and Robert L. Lineberry.
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| 8235394007 | 22nd Amendment | Passed in 1951, the amendment that limits presidents to two terms of office. | 0 | |
| 8235394008 | Watergate | The events and scandal surrounding a break-in at the Democratic National Committee headquarters in 1972 and the subsequent cover-up of White House involvement, leading to the eventual resignation of President Nixon under the threat of impeachment. | 1 | |
| 8235394010 | cabinet | A group of presidential advisors not mentioned in the Constitution, although every president has had one. Today the cabinet is composed of 14 secretaries and the attorney general. | 2 | |
| 8235394011 | National Security Council (NSC) | An office created in 1947 to coordinate the president's foreign and military policy advisors. Its formal members are the president, vice president, secretary of state, and secretary of defense, and it is managed by the president's national security advisor. -they provide the president with information and policy recommendations on national security, aid the president in national security crisis management, coordinate agency and departmental activities bearing on national security, and monitor the implementation of national security policy. | 3 | |
| 8235394012 | Council of Economic Advisors (CEA) | A three-member body appointed by the president to advise the president on economic policy. -prepare the annual Economic Report of the President which includes data and analysis on the current state. | 4 | |
| 8235394013 | Office of Management and Budget (OMB) | An office that grew out of the Bureau of the Budget, created in 1921, consisting of a handful of political appointees and hundreds of skilled professionals. It performs both managerial and budgetary functions. -reviews regulations proposed by departments and agencies | 5 | |
| 8235394014 | pocket veto | A veto taking place when Congress adjourns within 10 days of submitting a bill to the president, who simply lets it die by neither signing nor vetoing it. | 6 | |
| 8235394015 | presidential coattails | These occur when voters cast their ballots for congressional candidates of the president's party because they support the president. Recent studies show that few races are won this way. | 7 | |
| 8235394016 | War Powers Resolution | A law passed in 1973 in reaction to American fighting in Vietnam and Cambodia that requires presidents to consult with Congress 48 hours prior whenever possible prior to using military force and to withdraw forces after 60 days unless Congress declares war or grants an extension. Presidents view this as unconstitutional. | 8 | |
| 8235394017 | legislative veto | The ability of Congress to override a presidential decision. Although the War Powers Resolution asserts this authority, there is reason to believe that, if challenged, the Supreme Court would find the this in violation of the doctrine of separation of powers. | 9 | |
| 8235394018 | natural born | What type of citizen do you need to be to become the president. | 10 | |
| 8235394019 | 25th Amendment | Passed in 1951, this amendment permits the VP to become the acting president if both the VP and President's Cabinet determine that the president is disabled. This amendment also outlines how a recuperated president can reclaim the job. | 11 | |
| 8235394020 | VP, Speaker of the House, President Pro Tempore of the Senate | What are the top 3 from top to bottom in the presidential succession | 12 | |
| 8235394021 | Executive Office of the President | this houses a collection of offices and organizations. -People who are also advisors to the president with specific expertise to let Obama make the best decisions 1) National Security Council (NSC) 2) Council of Economic Advisors(CEA) 3) Office of Management and Budget (OMB) -est. by Roosevelt | 13 | |
| 8235394023 | Independent Agencies | All the bureaucrats that carry out the policy. -President can appoint some leaders (LOOK FOR ANY LETTERS) | 14 | |
| 8235394024 | Executive Agencies | President has limited power to dismiss the agency head or member ex: NASA, FBI, CIA -president gets to nominate the head, but he is limited to remove them. -They don't serve at his will -They are independent of presidential pressure | 15 | |
| 8235394025 | Executive Regulatory Agencies | Deal in Administrative law or rule making ex: FDA, EPA, FAA -Organizations where they make rules that have to be followed and follow out laws. -make rules to implement laws | 16 | |
| 8235394026 | Article 2 | Article of the Constitution that defines the Executive Branch, it's powers, duties, and means of removal. | 17 | |
| 8235394027 | Enforce the law | What is the job of the president?? (separation of power) | 18 | |
| 8235394028 | Commander in Chief | writers of the constitution wanted civilian control of the military. -Joints Chiefs of Staff: head of all the military branches, they give the president advice over war (army, navy, air force, marines, and national guard). They let the president know the military readiness. They are appointed by the President following Senate confirmation | 19 | |
| 8235394030 | Congress | Who has the power to declare war? | 20 | |
| 8235394031 | Yes | Does the President see the War Powers Resolution of(1973) unconstitutional? | 21 | |
| 8235394032 | Chief Legislator | the importance in the legislative process. -power to veto -pocket veto -line item veto | 22 | |
| 8235394033 | veto | the constitutional power of the president to send a bill back to congress with reasons for rejecting it. | 23 | |
| 8235394034 | 2/3 in both houses | What can override the president's veto? | 24 | |
| 8235394035 | line item veto | ability to veto parts of a bill -only used by governors | 25 | |
| 8235394036 | public support | what is the greatest source of influence the president has? | 26 | |
| 8235394037 | Chief Citizen | Role of the President as the representative of all of the people, working in the public interest -presidential appearances are staged to get public's attention. 1) policy support- gain public support through televised messages 2) mobilizing the public- motivate public to contact congress and influence them. This is difficult | 27 | |
| 8235394038 | bully pulpit | The Presidency is a "bully pulpit" - a good position from which to inspire Congress & the nation, with the help of the media, to follow his political agenda. | 28 | |
| 8235394039 | mandates | perception that the voters strongly support the president's character and policies. They are a rare phenomenon | 29 | |
| 8235394040 | Chief of State | head of state and symbolizes the country -performs many ceremonial functions=favorable press coverage ex: hosting a foreign leader and a state dinner -state of union address | 30 | |
| 8235394041 | State of Union Address | a yearly report by the president to congress describing the nation condition and recommending programs and policies | 31 | |
| 8235394042 | Chief Diplomat | The role of the president in recognizing foreign governments, making treaties, and effecting executive agreements. TALK OUT PROBLEMS -negotiates treaties with other countries -use executive agreements to take care of routine matter with other countries -negotiate for peace between other countries -lead US allies in defense and economic issues | 32 | |
| 8235394043 | 2/3 vote in Senate | Treaties are ratified by??? | 33 | |
| 8235394044 | Chief Executive | CEO of the government | 34 | |
| 8235394045 | Chief of Party | Bonds the party: creates a psychological bond between legislators and presidents, increasing agreement slippage in party support: presidents cannot always count on party support, especially on controversial issues leading the party: presidents can offer candidates support or punishments by withholding favors. Presidential coattails: occur when voters cast their ballots for congressional candidates of the president's party because they support the president. | 35 | |
| 8235394046 | Policy support | being an effective speaker is important -public may still miss the message delivered to them | 36 | |
| 8235394047 | Press Secretary | Who is the main contact person when it comes to media? | 37 | |
| 8235394049 | reapportionment | the process of allotting congressional seats to each state following the decennial census according to their proportion of the population | 38 | |
| 8235394050 | bill | a proposed law | 39 | |
| 8235394051 | impeachment | the power delegated to the HOR in the Constitution to charge the president, vice president, or other civil officers, including federal judges, with treason, bribery or other high crimes and misdemeanors. This is the first step in the constitutional process of removing government officials from office | 40 | |
| 8235394052 | incumbent | a current office-holder who may seek re-election | 41 | |
| 8235394053 | redistricting | the process of redrawing congressional districts to reflect increases or decreases in seats allotted to the states, as well as population shifts within a state | 42 | |
| 8235394054 | gerrymandering | the drawing of congressional districts to produce a particular electoral outcome without regard to the shape of the district | 43 | |
| 8235394055 | majority party | the political party in each house of congress with the most members | 44 | |
| 8235394056 | minority party | the political party in each house of congress with the second most members | 45 | |
| 8235394057 | party caucus or conference | a formal gathering of all party members | 46 | |
| 8235394058 | speaker of the house | the only officer of the hor specifically mentioned in the constitution; the chamber's most powerful position; traditionally a member of the majority party | 47 | |
| 8235394059 | majority leader | the head of the party controlling the most seats in the HOR or Senate; is the second in authority to the speaker of the house and in the senate is regarded as its most powerful member | 48 | |
| 8235394060 | minority leader | the head of the party with the second highest number of elected reps in the HOR or the senate | 49 | |
| 8235394061 | whip | party leader who keeps close contact with all members of his party, takes vote counts on key legislation, prepares summaries of bills, and acts as a communications link within a party | 50 | |
| 8235394062 | president pro tempore | the official chair of the senate; usually the most senior member of the majority party | 51 | |
| 8235394063 | standing committee | committee to which proposed bills are referred; continues from one congress to the next | 52 | |
| 8235394064 | joint committee | standing committee that includes members from both house of congress setup to conduct investigations | 53 | |
| 8235394065 | conference committee | special joint committee created to reconcile differences in bills passed by the house and senate | 54 | |
| 8235394066 | select or special committee | temporary committee appointed for specific purpose | 55 | |
| 8235394067 | discharge petition | petition that gives a majority of the HOR the authority to bring an issue to the floor in the face of committee inaction | 56 | |
| 8235394068 | seniority | time of continuous service on a committee | 57 | |
| 8235394071 | filibuster | "talk a bill to death": a formal way of halting senate action on a bill by means of long speeches | 58 | |
| 8235394072 | cloture | procedure for halting a filibuster; petition signed by 16 senators lead to vote; 60 votes (3/5 of the Senate) ends a filibuster | 59 | |
| 8235394073 | veto | the formal, constitutional authority of the president to reject ills passed by both houses of congress, thus preventing them from becoming law without further congressional action | 60 | |
| 8235394074 | pocket veto | if congress adjourns during the ten days the president has to consider a bill passed by both houses of congress,the bill is considered vetoed without the president's signature | 61 | |
| 8235394075 | Congressional Budget Act of 1974 | act that established the congressional budget process by laying out a plan for congressional action on the annual budget resolution, appropriations, reconciliation, and any other revenue bills | 62 | |
| 8235394076 | reconciliation | a procedure that allows consideration of controversial issues affecting the budget by limiting debate to 20 hours, thereby ending threat of a filibuster | 63 | |
| 8235394077 | pork barrel | legislation that allows representatives to bring money and jobs to their districts in the form of public works programs, military bases, or other programs | 64 | |
| 8235394078 | earmark | funds that an appropriations bill designates for specific projects within state or congressional district NOT in the text of the bill, but in a footnote | 65 | |
| 8235394079 | War Powers Act of 1973 | the president is limited in the deployment of troops overseas to a sixty day period in peacetime (which can be extended for an extra thirty days to permit withdrawal) unless congress explicitly gives its approval for a longer period | 66 | |
| 8235394080 | senatorial courtesy | a process by which presidents, when selecting district court judges, defer to the senators in whose state the vacancy occurs | 67 | |
| 8235394081 | trustee | role played by an elected representative who listens to constituents opinions and then uses his or her best judgment to make a final decision (think Burkean controversy here) | 68 | |
| 8235394082 | delegate | role played by an elected representative who votes the way his or her constituents would want him or her to, regardless of his or her own opinions | 69 | |
| 8235394083 | politico | role played by an elected representative who acts as trustee or as a delegate, depending on the issue | 70 | |
| 8235394084 | divided government | the political condition in which different political parties control the presidency and congress | 71 | |
| 8235394085 | unified government | the political condition in which the same political party controls the presidency and congress | 72 | |
| 8235394086 | logrolling | vote trading; voting to support a colleague's bill in return for a promise of future support | 73 | |
| 8235394087 | two | number of years in a Congressman's term | 74 | |
| 8235394088 | six | number of years in a Senator's term | 75 | |
| 8235394089 | twenty-five | minimum age for a congressman | 76 | |
| 8235394090 | thirty | minimum age for a senator | 77 | |
| 8235394091 | House of Representatives | where all revenue bills must originate | 78 | |
| 8235394092 | 7 years | citizenship requirement for House (# of yrs.) | 79 | |
| 8235394093 | 9 years | citizenship requirement for Senate (# of yrs.) | 80 | |
| 8235394094 | treaties | require Senate's "advice and consent" | 81 | |
| 8235394095 | 435 | # of seats in the House | 82 | |
| 8235394096 | 100 | # of seats in the Senate | 83 | |
| 8235394097 | 1/3 | portion of Senate elected every two years | 84 | |
| 8235394099 | incumbents | 90% + seeking re-election win | 85 | |
| 8235394100 | coattails | slang term which denotes candidates from a party who "ride" into office, benefitting from the popularity of a party candidate at the top of the ticket | 86 | |
| 8235394105 | constituents | people represented | 87 | |
| 8235394106 | casework | work done (usually by congressman's/senator's staffer) for an individual constituent | 88 | |
| 8235394107 | Rules Committee | House "traffic cop"; no bill hits the floor for debate w/o a ruling from this committee on time and procedure for debating it; Senate has NO counterpart | 89 | |
| 8235394108 | franking privilege | members of congress can substitute their signatures for postage stamps on materials mailed to their constituents (up to $100,000) | 90 | |
| 8235394112 | congressional committees and subcommittees | where most of Congress's work is done | 91 | |
| 8235394113 | oversight | Congressional duty which involved monitoring the bureaucracy and its administration of policy | 92 | |
| 8235394116 | resolution | passed in one house, usually for internal housekeeping matters; does NOT have the force of law | 93 | |
| 8235394118 | joint | passed by BOTH houses of Congress and signed by the president; has the force of law | 94 | |
| 8235394124 | 34 | number of senators necessary to stop a veto override | 95 | |
| 8235394130 | appropriations bill | type of bill which is typically loaded with "riders" because it's going to pass | 96 | |
| 8235394132 | staff | powerful group, sort of "shadow government" who often actually write bills that their bosses introduce and read, research, explain, and recommend votes on other legislation | 97 | |
| 8235394133 | patronage | "spoils": jobs, promotions, etc., passed out as rewards for party service | 98 | |
| 8235394134 | "revolving door" | slang term which describes the process of leaving government, going to work in business that you regulated or for a lobbying firm and using your connections to influence legislation | 99 | |
| 8235394135 | iron triangles | the industry interest, the bureaucratic agency, and the congressional committee which oversee a particular industry or interest |  | 100 |
| 8235394136 | House Ways and Means Committee | house committee which writes tax policy | 101 | |
| 8235394137 | descriptive representation | when a respresentative mirrors the personal, politically relevant characteristics of his/her constituency (race, class, education, etc.) | 102 | |
| 8235394138 | substantive representation | respresenting actual constituency interests without mirroring contituents' personal, politically relevant characteristics (race, class, education, etc.) | 103 | |
| 8235394140 | senators | are more likely to face more difficult re-election challenges and have a much lower re-election rate than member of the other chamber | 104 | |
| 8235394153 | congressional caucuses | the Tuesday Group, the Freedom Caucus, the Congressional Black Caucus | 105 | |
| 8235394155 | 27th Amendment | States that Congress can raise its pay, but the pay raise won't go into effect until after the next election. | 106 | |
| 8235394158 | Pendleton Civil Service Act of 1883 | created a federal civil service so that hiring and promotion would be based on merit rather than patronage | 107 | |
| 8235394159 | civil service | a system of hiring and promotion based on the merit principle and a desire to create a nonpartisan government service | 108 | |
| 8235394160 | merit principle | idea that hiring should be based on entrance exams and promotion ratings to produce administration by people with talent and skill | 109 | |
| 8235394161 | Hatch Act | federal law prohibiting government employees from active participation in partisan politics while on duty | 110 | |
| 8235394162 | Office of Personnel Management (OPM) | office in charge of hiring for most agencies of the federal government | 111 | |
| 8235394164 | Cabinet | 15 departments headed by a secretary; advisory to the president | 112 | |
| 8235394165 | bureaus | also called service, office, administration; where the real work of the departments is done | 113 | |
| 8235394166 | independent regulatory commission | government agency responsible for some sector of the economy, making and enforcing rules to protect the public interest (such as the Interstate Commerce Commission) | 114 | |
| 8235394170 | regulation | use of governmental authority to control or change some practice in the private sector | 115 | |
| 8235394173 | executive orders | originating from the executive branch, used by presidents to control the bureaucracy | 116 | |
| 8235394175 | administrative discretion | The authority of administrative actors to select among various responses to a given problem. Discretion is greatest when routines, or standard operating procedures, do not fit a case. | 117 | |
| 8235394177 | policy implementation | The stage of policymaking between the establishment of a policy and the consequences of the policy for the people affected. Implementation involves translating the goals and objectives of a policy into an operating, ongoing program. | 118 | |
| 8235394178 | deregulation | The lifting of government restrictions on business, industry, and professional activities. | 119 | |
| 8235394179 | independent executive agency | The government agencies not accounted for by cabinet departments, independent regulatory commissions, and government corporations. Administrators are typically appointed by the president and serve at the president's pleasure. NASA is an example. | 120 | |
| 8235394180 | advice and consent | Terms in the Constitution describing the U.S. Senate's power to review and approve treaties and presidential appointments |  | 121 |
| 8235394181 | appointment power | The authority vested in the president to fill a government office or position. Positions filled by presidential appointment include those in the executive branch and the federal judiciary, commissioned officers in the armed forces, and members of the independent regulatory commissions |  | 122 |
| 8235394182 | cabinet | An advisory group selected by the president to aid in making decisions. The cabinet includes the heads of fifteen executive departments and others named by the president |  | 123 |
| 8235394183 | chief diplomat | The role of the president in recognizing foreign governments, making treaties, and effecting executive agreements |  | 124 |
| 8235394184 | chief executive | The role of the president as head of the executive branch of the government |  | 125 |
| 8235394185 | chief legislator | The role of the president in influencing the making of laws |  | 126 |
| 8235394186 | chief of staff | The person who is named to direct the White House Office and advise the president |  | 127 |
| 8235394187 | civil service | A collective term for the body of employees working for the government. Generally, civil service is understood to apply to all those who gain government employment through a merit system |  | 128 |
| 8235394188 | commander in chief | The role of the president as supreme commander of the military forces of the United States and of the state National Guard units when they are called into federal service |  | 129 |
| 8235394189 | constitutional power | A power vested in the president by Article II of the Constitution |  | 130 |
| 8235394192 | executive agreement | An international agreement made by the president, without senatorial ratification, with the head of a foreign state |  | 131 |
| 8235394194 | executive order | A rule or regulation issued by the president that has the effect of law. Executive orders can implement and give administrative effect to provisions in the Constitution, to treaties, and to statutes |  | 132 |
| 8235394195 | executive privilege | The right of executive officials to withhold information from or to refuse to appear before a legislative committee |  | 133 |
| 8235394196 | expressed power | A power of the president that is expressly written into the Constitution or into statutory law |  | 134 |
| 8235394197 | federal register | A publication of the U.S. government that prints executive orders, rules, and regulations. | 135 | |
| 8235394198 | head of state | The role of the president as ceremonial head of the government |  | 136 |
| 8235394199 | impeachment | An action by the House of Representatives to accuse the president, vice president, or other civil officers of the United States of committing "Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors |  | 137 |
| 8235394200 | inherent power | A power of the president derived from the statements in the Constitution that "the executive Power shall be vested in a President" and that the president should "take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed"; defined through practice rather than through law |  | 138 |
| 8235394201 | kitchen cabinet | The informal advisers to the president |  | 139 |
| 8235394202 | line-item veto | The power of an executive to veto individual lines or items within a piece of legislation without vetoing the entire bill |  | 140 |
| 8235394203 | national security council (NSC) | An agency in the Executive Office of the President that advises the president on national security |  | 141 |
| 8235394204 | office of management and budget (OMB) | A division of the Executive Office of the President. The OMB assists the president in preparing the annual budget, clearing and coordinating departmental agency budgets, and supervising the administration of the federal budget |  | 142 |
| 8235394205 | pardon | A release from the punishment for or legal consequences of a crime; a pardon can be granted by the president before or after a conviction |  | 143 |
| 8235394206 | patronage | The practice of rewarding faithful party workers and followers with government employment and contracts |  | 144 |
| 8235394211 | state of the union message | An annual message to Congress in which the president proposes a legislative program. The message is addressed not only to Congress but also to the American people and to the world |  | 145 |
| 8235394212 | statutory power | A power created for the president through laws enacted by Congress |  | 146 |
| 8235394213 | 12th amendment | An amendment to the Constitution adopted in 1804 that specifies the separate election of the president and vice president by the electoral college |  | 147 |
| 8235394215 | veto message | The president's formal explanation of a veto when legislation is returned to Congress |  | 148 |
| 8235394216 | war powers resolution | A law passed in 1973 spelling out the conditions under which the president can commit troops without congressional approval |  | 149 |
