Units 1-3
Terms : Hide Images
| 274644785 | Natural Rights | the right to life, liberty, and property (later changed to the pursuit of happiness) | |
| 274644786 | Natural rights philosophy | political philosophy/ John Locke's motto | |
| 274644787 | Laws of nature | in a state of nature, there are rules which oblige everyone not to harm another in his life, health, liberty, or possessions | |
| 274644788 | Social Contract | everyone gives up absolute right to do anything in return for security from the government | |
| 274644789 | Republican form of government | Government of Rome/ a government in which the power of government is held by the people/ the people give power to leaders they elect to represent them | |
| 274644790 | Common Welfare | when the government TRIES to help everyone in a country | |
| 274644791 | Civic Virtue | When you help others and promote common welfare | |
| 274644792 | Popular Sovereignty | government must be based on the consent of the governed | |
| 274644793 | "Leviathan State" | Thomas hobbes argues for ssocial contract and rule by an absolute sovereign | |
| 274644794 | Shay's Rebellion | Encouraged a strong central government | |
| 274644795 | Virginia Plan | Called for a bicameral legislature, national executive, strong national government, and national judiciary | |
| 274644796 | New Jersey Plan | didn't argue against strong national gov, wanted unicameral legislature, each state would have the same vote, new legislature would not be dominated b the larger states | |
| 274644797 | The Great Compromise | Bicameral legislature; each state would have an equal vote in the senate. The second house (Reps) would be based on population | |
| 274644798 | Unitary System | concentrates all policy making powers in one central geographical place (China, Britain, France) | |
| 274644799 | Federal system | divides the power between the central governments and the sub-units (US, Canada) | |
| 274644800 | Confederal System | spreads the power amount/ weak central government | |
| 274644801 | Dual Federalism | The function of the federal government is separate and distinct from the functions of the state/ local government (Lord Bryce) | |
| 274644802 | Marble Cake Theory | Cooperative federalism | |
| 274644803 | Delegated powers | powers that are specifically granted to the federal government by the constitution (10th Amendment) | |
| 274644804 | Concurrent Powers | all powers not granted in the constitution to the national government are reserved for the states | |
| 274644805 | Reserved Powers | those held by the states alone, guaranteed by the 10th amendment | |
| 274644806 | Prohibited Powers | are denied to either the national government, state government, or both. | |
| 274644807 | Necessary and Proper Clause | congress shall have the power to make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers | |
| 274644808 | mcCulloch v. Maryland | national government has supremacy over the states | |
| 274644809 | Nullification | right of a state to declare "null and void" to a federal law that violated the constitution. | |
| 274644810 | Commerce Clause | power to regulate commerce with foregin nations, among the several states, and with Inidian Tribes | |
| 274644811 | Grants-in-aid | one of the most important tools for influence policy at the state and local level; established rules for how grants may be used, decides how much control states have over federal funds. | |
| 274644812 | Categorical Grants | Appropriated by Congress for a specific purpose. | |
| 274644813 | Block Grants | consolidate several categorized grants into single block for prescribed, broad activities. | |
| 274644814 | Revenue Sharing | a grant system that no longer exists; states and localities are given federal funds for their own use | |
| 274644815 | Mandates | Federal control on the activities of state an dlocal governments; a rule that tells the states what they must do in order to comply with federal guidlines | |
| 274644816 | Devolution Revolution | a movement to devolve more responsibilities back to the states; led to a major shift of responsibility for welfare programs from federal to state governments. | |
| 274869961 | Capitalism | wealth based on money and other capital goods | |
| 274869962 | Conflictual political culture | one in which different groups clash with opposing beliefs | |
| 274869963 | Consensual political culture | one that experiences less conflict because the citizens have a broad base of shared values. | |
| 274869964 | Free Enterprise | economic competition without restranit from government | |
| 274869965 | Political culture | set of widely shared beliefs, values, and norms concerning the ways that political and economic life out to be carried out | |
| 274869966 | external Political efficacy | the belief of the individual that the government will respond to his/her personal needs or beliefs | |
| 274869967 | Political tolerance | citizens being tolerant of the opinions and actions of others | |
| 274869968 | Rugged individualism | belief that individuals are responsible for their own well-being | |
| 274869969 | Rule of law | belief that the government is base on a body of law applied equally, impartially, and justly, is central to American Political culture. | |
| 274869970 | Second Bill of Rights | FDR/ commitment to economic security and independence | |
| 274869971 | Ideology | a set of ideas/beliefs that constitute one's goals , expectations, and actions | |
| 274869972 | Political ideology | a cohereent set of values and beliefs about public policy | |
| 274869973 | Public opinion | individual attitudes toward a particular issue, candidate, or political institution. | |
| 274869974 | Random Sample | Everyone in population has equal probability of being selected | |
| 274869975 | Sampling error | In a poll of 15, 000 it is plus or minus 3 percent | |
| 274869976 | Straw Poll | unofficial poll | |
| 274869977 | Absentee voting | voting earlier than the actual election day | |
| 274869978 | Cross-cutting cleavages | factors in society which cause division in such a way that no group created by one cleavage is wholly contained within a group created by another | |
| 274869979 | Jim Crow Laws | anti-black legislation/promoted segregation | |
| 274869980 | Motor voter law | enables voters to register to vote when they obtain or renew a driver's license | |
| 274869981 | Political Participation | the various activites that citizens employ in their efforts to influence policy making and the seleciton of leaders | |
| 274869982 | Universal manhood suffrage | voting rights for all WHITE males | |
| 274869983 | 15th Amendment | the right to vote shall not be denied to someone due to race or color | |
| 274869984 | 19th Amendment | right for women to vote | |
| 274869985 | 26th Amendment | voting rights now include 18-21 year olds | |
| 274869987 | Core Values | Liberty, equality, individualism, democracy, rule of law | |
| 274908749 | Anti-Federalist | Thomas Jefferson/Strong state government/ rural interests | |
| 274908750 | Divided government | one party controls the white house and the other party controls congress | |
| 274908751 | realignment | occurs because issues change and new divisions form between groups | |
| 274908752 | Federalist party | Alexander Hamilton/Urban/business-oriented/strong central government | |
| 274908753 | gridlock | nothing gets done due to conflict | |
| 274908754 | linkage institution | a structure within a society that connects the people to the government | |
| 274908755 | Party Machines | controls enough votes to maintain political and administrative control of its community | |
| 274908756 | Political efficacy | citizens of a country trust the government to do the right thing | |
| 274908757 | Populist Party | most influential of all third parties; representatives of small farmers. | |
| 274908758 | Proportional Representation | where the percent of votes for a party's candidate is directly applied as the percent of representatives in the legislature | |
| 274908759 | Roosevelt coalition | promoted social welfare | |
| 274908760 | Whig Party | Represents the old federalist party | |
| 274908761 | Blanket Primaries | a voter can mark Republican for one candidate ,and democrat for another | |
| 274908762 | Campaign Reform Act of 1974 | oversee contributions; no cash over $100 | |
| 274908763 | Caucuses | local party members meet and agree on a candidate they will support | |
| 274908764 | Closed Primaries | a voter must determine in advance his/her party membership | |
| 274908765 | Coat tail effect | presidential popularity effects congressional elections, even in off years | |
| 274908766 | Critical realignment election | marks a significant change in the way that a large group of citizens vote | |
| 274908767 | frontloading | the tendency of states to choos an early date on teh primary calendar | |
| 274908768 | open primaries | voter decides at the voting booth which party he/she participates in | |
| 274908769 | plurality | largest number of votes | |
| 274908770 | soft money | goes towards parties, not candidates | |
| 274908771 | Winner-takes all | winner with the most votes wins |
