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| 6497581770 | Agricultural labor force | measure of the portion of an economy's labor force that participates in agriculture. A high measure is characteristic of an LDC, a low one of an MDC because more technology = less human labor. | 0 | |
| 6497581771 | Calorie consumption | index of development measured by whether people consume their daily calorie requirements. People in MDCs consume over 130 percent daily, and people in LDCs usually get barely or not enough. | 1 | |
| 6497581772 | Commodity chain | series of links connecting places of production/processing/distribution of a product to be sold. | 2 | |
| 6497581773 | Consumer goods | commodities bought and used by consumers, not manufacturers for producing other goods. | 3 | |
| 6497581774 | Core-periphery model | Model of the distribution of wealth and development. MDC = core, LDC = periphery. | 4 | |
| 6497581775 | Crude birth rate | number of live births per 1000 people per year per year. Crude = does not take into account age/sex of said 1000 people. | 5 | |
| 6497581776 | Cultural convergence | tendency for cultures to become increasingly similar due to diffusion via efficient transportation and communication of ideas/technology. Ex: McDonalds in Dubai, English as a lingua franca, pop culture. | 6 | |
| 6497581777 | Dependency Theory | Notion that resources flow from periphery to wealthy core, enriching latter at expense of the former. $ = power = int' influence = dependent places | 7 | |
| 6497581778 | Developed country | wealthier core country | 8 | |
| 6497581779 | Development | process of improvement in the material conditions of people thru diffusion of knowledge and technology. Involves full realization and application of resources. can be measured by literacy, education, women's rights, life expectancy, GNP per capita, caloric intake, infant mortality rate, economic status... | 9 | |
| 6497581780 | Energy consumption | use of energy for light/heat/power/raw material input to manufacturing process. Can be measured. Ex: China consumes 1/2 of the worlds coal produced each year. | 10 | |
| 6497581781 | Essential goods and services | items and services required to sustain health/life. Goods - food, water, fuel.. Services - hospital, electricity, police/firefighting/emergency responders services... They are not allowed to go on strike or anything because they are essential personnel to the public. | 11 | |
| 6497581782 | Export Processing Zones | EPZ. Zones established in which favorable tax, regulatory, and trade arrangements are made to attract foreign trade and investment | 12 | |
| 6497581783 | Five Year Plans | plans introduced by Josef Stalin in 1928 to industrialize the newly formed USSR. They were specified goals set for type/quantity of minerals, manufactured goods, and agricultural commodities as well as the railways, canals, factories, and homes to be built in each part of the country. They were enforced by police. | 13 | |
| 6497581784 | Foreign Direct Investment | investment by foreign companies in another country's economy | 14 | |
| 6497581785 | Formal Economy | 'legal' economy taxed and monitored by gov't, is included in GNP. | 15 | |
| 6497581786 | Gender | A socially and culturally constructed set of distinctions between masculine and feminine sets of behaviors that is promoted and expected by society. Male vs Female. vary greatly over time and space. | 16 | |
| 6497581787 | Gender Empowerment Measure | GEM. Compares ability of men/women to participate in economic/political decisions | 17 | |
| 6497581788 | Gender Inequality Index | GII. measure of the extent of each country's gender inequality. UN created. Takes into account labor, empowerment, and reproductive health. | 18 | |
| 6497581789 | Gender Related Development Index | GDI. Compares the level of development of women with that of both sexes. | 19 | |
| 6497581790 | GIS | geographic information system. layers on computer to analyze data. acquired thru remote sensing. | 20 | |
| 6497581791 | GDP | Gross Domestic Product. total value of all goods/services produced in a country in a year. Doesn't include moving/overseas $. | 21 | |
| 6497581792 | GNP | Gross National Product, total value of all goods/services with some adjustments, include income received from abroad. | 22 | |
| 6497581793 | HDI | Human Development Index. statistic to rank countries into high, middle, or low development based on economic factor (GDP per capita), social factors (literacy rate + amount of education), and demographic factor (life expectancy). | 23 | |
| 6497581794 | Globalization | increasing uniformity of the world because of diffusion | 24 | |
| 6497581795 | Infant mortality rate | number of deaths of infants under 1 year of age per 1000 live births. High # = LDC. | 25 | |
| 6497581796 | Informal economy | untaxed, unregulated, unmonitored. not included in GNP or GDP. | 26 | |
| 6497581797 | International Monetary Fund | 188-country organization working to foster int'l money cooperation, financial stability, int'l trade, higher employment, lower poverty, sustainable growth | 27 | |
| 6497581798 | K-economy | Knowledge economy. system of economics based on intellectual property (expertise, research, secrets...) | 28 | |
| 6497581799 | Less developed country | periphery. "emerging." | 29 | |
| 6497581800 | Literacy | ability to read and write by age 15 | 30 | |
| 6497581801 | measures of development | benchmark process to achieving optimal health and wellbeing. physicla, biological, social, educational, mental, emotional, economic, cultural components | 31 | |
| 6497581802 | Microcredit program | program that provides small loans to the poor, especially women, to encourage small business development | 32 | |
| 6497581803 | More developed country | wealthier core country that has progressed relatively far along a continuum of development | 33 | |
| 6497581804 | Neocolonialism | Domination by a powerful usually Western nation of another nation that's politically independent but has a weak economy dependent on trade with the Western nation. | 34 | |
| 6497581805 | NGO | Non governmental organization: int'l organization operating outside political arena but are still influential upon social/environmental/economic issues. Ex: Greenpeace, Red Cross | 35 | |
| 6497581807 | Physical quality of life index | attempt to measure well-being/quality of life in a country | 36 | |
| 6497581808 | Polarization effect | forces of concentration reinforce core growth at expense of periphery | 37 | |
| 6497581809 | Primary sector | direct extraction of resources - agriculture, mining, fishing, forestry | 38 | |
| 6497581810 | Productivity | The value of a particular product compared to the amount of labor needed to make it. | 39 | |
| 6497581811 | Purchasing Power Parity | Economic theory estimating the amount of adjustment needed on the exchange rate between country's in order for the exchange to be equivalent to each country's purchasing power. Calculated as S=p1/p2. Aka Exchange rate = good x in currency 1/ good x in currency 2. | 40 | |
| 6497581812 | Quaternary sector jobs | highly skilled, information based acitivities- management, lawyers, scientific companies | 41 | |
| 6497581813 | Quinary sector jobs | leadership in quaternary sector jobs. think like ceo kinda. | 42 | |
| 6497581814 | Raw materials | Unprocessed natural products used in production | 43 | |
| 6497581815 | Relatively developed country | A country that is not exactly considered as a developed country but neither a lesser developed country | 44 | |
| 6497581816 | Rostow's development model | referred to as rdw only here |  | 45 |
| 6497581817 | Stage one | Traditional society- subsistant agriculture, acitivities not helping w/ development like military and religion | 46 | |
| 6497581818 | stage two | Investment: pre takeoff- limited investment in technology, infrastructure, water, irrigation | 47 | |
| 6497581819 | stage 3 | Take off/success- limited # of industries are successful to compete globally. Ex: textiles, agriculture. Remainder of economy is still traditional | 48 | |
| 6497581820 | Stage 4 | Maturity- tech. diffuses, rapid growth, skilled educated labor force | 49 | |
| 6497581821 | stage 5 | Mass production - shift form heavy industry like steel, energy to consumer goods | 50 | |
| 6497581822 | Scale | graduated range of values for grading size. just a refresher, small scale maps show large land area w/ less detail, large scale maps show small land area w/ much detail | 51 | |
| 6497581823 | secondary sector | portion of economy concerned with manufacturing, processing, assembling raw materials | 52 | |
| 6497581824 | Structural adjustment program | program to reform economic structure, imposed by int' agencies on ldcs to encourage int'l trade by increasing taxes, lowering gov't spending, charging more, controlling inflation, more private corporations. | 53 | |
| 6497581825 | structural adjustment loans | loans granted by international financial institutions such as the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund to countries in the periphery and the semi-periphery in exchange for certain economic and governmental reforms in that country (e.g. privatization of certain government entities and opening the country to foreign trade and investment) | 54 | |
| 6497581826 | technology transfer | The diffusion to or acquisition by one culture or retention of the technology possessed by another, usually more developed, society. | 55 | |
| 6497581827 | technology gap | contrast of tech available in core vs periphery | 56 | |
| 6497581828 | tertiary sector | The portion of the economy concerned with transportation, communications, and utilities, sometimes extended to the provision of all goods and services to people in exchange for payment. | 57 | |
| 6497581829 | third world | The developing countries of Asia, Africa, and Latin America. includees capitalist venezuela, communist n. korea, rich saudi arabia, poor mali, etc | 58 | |
| 6497581830 | transition economies | planned economy moving to market-oriented system. Ex: post USSR Russia + satellite states | 59 | |
| 6497581831 | trickle down/spread effect | diffusion of benefits of economic growth and prosperity from core to periphery. opposite is bottom up effect when periphery is made developed first | 60 | |
| 6497581832 | value added | the gross value of the product minus the costs of raw materials and energy. | 61 | |
| 6497581833 | world bank | A development assistance organization, composed of 185 member countries which are its joint owners, that extends long-term credit to developing country governments for the purpose of promoting economic development and structural changes. It consists of two organizations: The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and the International Development Association. | 62 | |
| 6497581834 | world systems theory | Wallerstein's theory of the core, semi-periphery, periphery, and external areas. The core benefited the most from the development of a capitalist world economy. THe semi-perihpery was the buffer between the core and periphery. The periphery are states that lack strong central governments or are controlled by other states. External areas are states that maintained their own economic system and for the most part, remained outside of the capitalist world economy | 63 | |
| 6497581835 | world trade organization | WTO. Administers the rules governing trade between its 144 members. Helps producers, importers, and exporters conduct their business and ensure that trade flows smoothly | 64 |
