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| 6496055727 | acid rain | created when oxides of sulfur and nitrogen change chemically as they dissolve in water vapor in the atmosphere and return to earth as rain, snow, or fog | 0 | |
| 6496055728 | agglomeration | the spatial grouping of people or activities for mutual benefit; the concentration of productive enterprises for collective or cooperative use of infrastructure and sharing of labor resources and market access | 1 | |
| 6496055732 | Bid Rent Theory | different land users are prepared to pay different amounts, the bid rents, for locations at various distances from the city center. | 2 | |
| 6496055733 | beak-of-bulk point | a location where transfer is possible from one mode of transportation to another; the cargoes of oceangoing ships are unloaded and put on trains, trucks, or perhaps smaller riverboats for inland distribution. | 3 | |
| 6496055734 | Canadian industrial heartland | the St. Lawrence Valley - Ontario Peninsula. The region has several assets: centrality to the Canadian market, proximity to the Great Lakes, and access to inexpensive hydroelectric power from Niagara Falls. | 4 | |
| 6496055735 | commodity chain | series of links connecting the many places of production and distribution and resulting in a commodity that is then exchanged on the world market. | 5 | |
| 6496055736 | comparative advantage | the principle that an area produces the items for which it has the greatest ratio of advantage or the least ratio of disadvantage in comparison to other area, assuming free trade exists. | 6 | |
| 6496055738 | deglomeration | the process of deconcentration; the location of industrial or other activities away from established agglomerations in response to growing costs of congestion, competition, and regulation. | 7 | |
| 6496055739 | deindustrialization | the cumulative and sustained decline in the contribution of manufacturing to a national economy. | 8 | |
| 6496055740 | economic base | the manufacturing and service activities performed by the basic sector of a city's labor force; functions of a city performed to satisfy demands external to the city itself and, in that performance, earning income to support the urban population. | 9 | |
| 6496055741 | economies of scale | cost advantages to manufacturers that accrue from high-volume production, since the average cost of production falls with increasing output. | 10 | |
| 6496055742 | ecotourism | responsible travel that does not harm ecosystems or the well-being of local people. | 11 | |
| 6496055743 | energy types | renewable: hydropower, biomass, wind, solar, geothermal, biofuels, wave/ tidal; nonrenewable: coal, oil, natural gas, nuclear (some classify as renewable?) | 12 | |
| 6496055744 | entrepót | is a trading center, or simply a warehouse, where merchandise can be imported and exported without paying import duties, | 13 | |
| 6496055745 | export processing zones | (EPZ's) designated areas of countries where governments create conditions conducive to export-oriented production. | 14 | |
| 6496055746 | fixed costs | an activity cost (as of investment in land, plant, and equipment) that must be met without regard to level of output; an input cost that is spatially constant. | 15 | |
| 6496055747 | footloose industry | a descriptive term applied to manufacturing activities for which the cost of transporting material or product is not important in determining location of production; an industry or firm showing neither market nor material orientation. | 16 | |
| 6496055748 | Fordism | The manufacturing economy and system derived from assembly-line mass production and the mass consumption of standardized goods. Named after Henry Ford, who innovated many of its production techniques. | 17 | |
| 6496055749 | Four Tigers | refers to the economies of South Korea, Hong Kong, Taiwan, and Singapore. | 18 | |
| 6496055750 | Greenhouse effect | anticipated increase in Earth's temperature, caused by carbon dioxide (emitted by burning fossil fuels) trapping some of the radiation emitted by the surface | 19 | |
| 6496055751 | growth poles | economic activities that are deliberately organized around one or more high-growth industries. | 20 | |
| 6496055752 | Heartland / Rimland Theory | a geopolitical hypothesis, proposed by Halford Mackinder - the heart of Eurasia could gain sufficient strength to eventually dominate the world. | 21 | |
| 6496055753 | industrial regions | 1. Eastern North America, 2. Northwestern Europe, 3. Eastern Europe, and 4. East Asia | 22 | |
| 6496055754 | Industrial Revolution | a series of inventions and innovations, arising in England in the 1700s, that led to the use of machines and inanimate power in manufacturing process. | 23 | |
| 6496055755 | infrastructure | (or fixed social capital) the underlying framework of services and amenities needed to facilitate productive activity. | 24 | |
| 6496055756 | international division of labor | Capital, brains and decision making in the core and labor in the semi periphery or periphery | 25 | |
| 6496055758 | "Just in time" manufacturing | seeks to reduce inventories for the production process by purchasing inputs for arrival just in time to use and producing output just in time to sell. | 26 | |
| 6496055759 | Labor-intensive industry | an industry for which labor costs represent a large proportion of total production costs. | 27 | |
| 6496055760 | Least-cost Location Theory | the location of manufacturing establishments is determined by the minimization of three expenses: labor, transportation, and agglomeration. | 28 | |
| 6496055761 | agglomeration | a process involving the clustering or concentrating of people or activities; the term often refers to manufacturing plants and businesses that benefit from close proximity | 29 | |
| 6496055762 | Major manufacturing regions | 1. Eastern Anglo America, 2. Western and Central Europe, Eastern Europe, and Eastern Asia (see map given out in class) | 30 | |
| 6496055763 | Manufacturing export zones | A feature of economic development in peripheral countries whereby the host country establishes areas with favorable tax, regulatory, and trade arrangements in order to attract foreign manufacturing operations. | 31 | |
| 6496055765 | Maquiladora | factories built by U.S. companies in Mexico near the U.S. border, to take advantage of much lower labor costs in Mexico. | 32 | |
| 6496055767 | Market area (hinterland) | the area surrounding a central place, from which people are attracted to use the place's goods and services. | 33 | |
| 6496055768 | Market orientation | the tendency of an economic activity to locate close to its market; a relocation of large and variable distribution costs. | 34 | |
| 6496055769 | Resource orientation | the tendency of an economic activity to locate near or at its source of raw material; this is experienced when material costs are highly variable spatially and/or represent a significant share of total costs. | 35 | |
| 6496055770 | Multiplier effect | In urban geography, the expected additional of non basic workers and dependents to a city's total employment and population that accompanies new basic sector employment. | 36 | |
| 6496055771 | NAFTA | North American Free Trade Agreement; launched in 1994 and linking Canada, Mexico, a nd the United States in a n economic community aimed at lowering or removing trade and movement restrictions among the countries. | 37 | |
| 6496055772 | Outsourcing | production abroad parts or products for domestic use or sale; sub-contracting production or services rather than performing those activities "in house." | 38 | |
| 6496055773 | Ozone (depletion) | a gas molecule consisting of three atoms of oxygen formed when diatomic oxygen is exposed to ultraviolet radiation. In the upper atmosphere it forms a normally continuous, thin layer that blocks ultraviolet light; in the lower atmosphere it constitutes a damaging component of photochemical smog. | 39 | |
| 6496055774 | Postindustrial | a stage of economic development in which service activities become relatively more important than goods production; | 40 | |
| 6496055776 | Resource dispute | disagreement over the control or use of shared resources, such as boundary rivers or jointly claimed fishing grounds. | 41 | |
| 6496055777 | Silicon Valley | a prime example of a high-technology corridor in the United States. | 42 | |
| 6496055778 | Specialized Economic Zones | specific area within a country in which tax incentives and less stringent environmental regulations are implemented to attract foreign business and investment | 43 | |
| 6496055779 | High-Technology corridors | areas along or near major transportation arteries that are devoted to the research, development, and sale of high-technology products | 44 | |
| 6496055780 | Substitution principle | in industry, the tendency to substitute one factor of production for another in order to achieve optimum plant location. | 45 | |
| 6496055781 | Threshold / range | the minimum market needed to support the supply of a product or service. | 46 | |
| 6496055782 | Time-space compression | a term associated with the work of David Harvey that refers to the social and psychological effects of living in a world in which time-space convergence has rapidly reached a high level of intensity. | 47 | |
| 6496055786 | Transnational corporation | companies that have international production, marketing, and management facilities. | 48 | |
| 6496055788 | Variable costs | a cost of enterprise operation that varies either by output level or by location of the activity. | 49 | |
| 6496055789 | Weber, Alfred | German geographer who was a major theorists of industrial location. He devised a model of how to understand industrial locations in regard to several factors, including labor supply, markets, resource location, and transpiration. | 50 | |
| 6496055790 | World cities | cities most closely integrated into the global economic system because they are in the center of the flow of information and capital. Business services concentrate in disproportionately large numbers in world cities, including law, banking, insurance, accounting, and advertising. | 51 | |
| 6496055792 | Resort/Retirement living | residential centers such as Albuquerque, Fort Lauderdale, Las Vegas, and Orlando; clustered in the South and West | 52 | |
| 6496055793 | Manufacturing regions USA | Buffalo, Chattanooga, Erie, and Rockford; clustered mostly in the old northeastern manufacturing belt. | 53 |
