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| 13497027701 | Von Thunen Model | An agricultural model that spatially describes agricultural activity in terms of rent. Activities that require intensive cultivation and cannot be transported over great distances pay higher rent to be close to the market. Conversely, activities that are more extensive, with goods that are easy to transport, are located farther from the market where rent is less. This model predicts more-intensive rural land uses closer to the marketplace and more-extensive rural land uses farther from the city's marketplace. |  | 0 |
| 13497027702 | Ravenstein's Laws of Migration | 1. Most migration is over a short distance. 2. Migration occurs in steps. 3. Long-range migrants usually move to urban areas. 4. Each migration produces a movement in the opposite direction (although not necessarily of the same volume). 5. Rural dwellers are more migratory than urban dwellers. 6. Within their own country females are more migratory than males, but males are more migratory over long distances. 7. Most migrants are adults. 8. Large towns grow more by migration than by natural increase. 9. Migration increases with economic development. 10. Migration is mostly due to economic causes. | 1 | |
| 13497027703 | Demographic Transition Model | A sequence of demographic changes in which a country moves from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates through time. Stage 1: High Birth and Death rates, Low NIR- many children needed for farming, many die at an early age, no family planning, religious/social encouragement, causes of death generally include disease, famine, and overall poor medicinal knowledge. No countries are in this stage. Stage 2: High birth rates, rapidly-falling death rates, extremely rapid NIR- many children needed for farming, many die at an early age, no family planning, religious/social encouragement, improvements in medical care, water supply, and sanitation result in fewer deaths. Ex: Egypt, Kenya Stage 3: Declining birth rates, slowly falling death rate, NIR increase slow- improved medical care and diet result in a lesser reliance on children, improvements in medical care, water supply, and sanitation result in fewer deaths. Ex: Brazil Stage 4: Low birth and death rates, stable or slow increase of NIR- Family planning, good health, improvement of the status of women, later marriages, etc. result in lower birth rate, good health care and a reliable food supply result in lower death rate. Ex: USA, Japan, France (Theoretical)Stage 5: Very low births and low deaths, declining NIR results- Family planning, good health, improvement of the status of women, later marriages, etc. result in lower birth rate, good health care and a reliable food supply result in lower death rate. Ex: Germany |  | 2 |
| 13497027704 | Gravity Model | A model that holds that the potential use of a service at a particular location is directly related to the number of people in a location and inversely related to the distance people must travel to reach the service. |  | 3 |
| 13497027705 | Zelinsky Model of Migration Transition | Migration trends follow demographic transition stages. People become increasingly mobile as industrialization develops. More international migration is seen in stage 2 as migrants search for more space and opportunities in countries in stages 3 and 4. Stage-4 countries show less emigration and more intraregional migration |  | 4 |
| 13497027706 | Concentric Zone Model | A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are spatially arranged in a series of rings. Developed in the 1920s by Ernest Burgess explains that as cities grow, new rings of development are added and old ones change character. Five rings by Burgess : 1. Central Business District(CBD): concentration of nonresidential activities 2. Zone of transition: contains industry and poorer quality housing. Immigrants live in small dwelling units, often created by subdividing larger houses into apartments. Also contains rooming houses for single individual 3. Zone of Independent Worker Homes: Older houses occupied by stable, working-class families 4. Zone of better residences: Newer and bigger houses for middle-class families 5. Commuter Zone: Beyond the continuous built-up area of the city, some people who work in the CBD choose to live in small villages that have become dormitory towns for commuters. |  | 5 |
| 13497027707 | Sector Model | Created by Homer Hoyt A model of the internal structure of cities in North America in which social groups are arranged around a series of sectors, or wedges, radiating out from the central business district (CBD). Improvements in transportation have made the model more obsolete. |  | 6 |
| 13497044386 | Muliple nuclei model | --Created by Harris and Ullman --Based on the idea that people have greater movement due to increased car ownership --Reduced primacy of the CBD and allowed for specialization of regional centers --A city is a complex structure that includes more than one center around which activities revolve --Some activities are attracted to particular nodes, while others try to annoy them. | 7 | |
| 13497126604 | Central Place Theory | --Theory proposed by Walter Christaller that explains how and where central places in the urban hierarchy should be functionally and spatially distributed with respect to one another. --Central places are settlements that provide services to "market areas"/hinterlands. --Ordering of settlements based in the number and level of services they provide produces a hierarchy (as seen in the image) --Christaller's theory described the characteristic arrangement of cities, villages, and towns based on varying degrees of centrality and functions. |  | 8 |
| 13497271047 | Weber's Least Cost Theory | --theory that described the optimal location of a manufacturing firm in relation to the cost of transportation, labor, and advantages through agglomeration --Drawbacks to this model include that it assumes the workforce is immobile --assumes that industries will locate based on minimizing production costs and maximizing profits. |  | 9 |
| 13497328477 | Nine Nations of North America | New England Foundry DIxie Breadbasket Islands Mexamerica Ecotopia Empty Quarter Quebec |  | 10 |
| 13497351063 | Epidemiologic Transition | distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition Stage 1: Pestilence and Famine- High CDR, infectious and parasitic diseases. Ex: Black Plague Stage 2: Receding Pandemics- Rapidly declining CDR. Ex: Cholera Stage 3: Degenerative and Man-made Diseases- Moderately Declining CDR. Ex: Cancer Stage 4: Delayed Degenerative Diseases/Emerging Infections- Low, but increasing CDR. Ex: Cardiovascular Disease Possible Stage 5: Reemergence of infectious diseases- Possible causes include an increase in poverty and the evolution of previously controlled diseases/transmitters. Ex: Malaria |  | 11 |
| 13497487821 | World Systems Theory | --Also known as Core-Periphery Model --Theory originated by Immanuel Wallerstein and illuminated by his three-tier structure, proposing that social change in the developing world is inextricably linked to the economic activities of the developed world. --Core countries(developed-Ex: USA, Japan) dominate the semi-periphery(industrializing-Ex: Brazil, China, India) and periphery, while the semi-periphery dominate the periphery(developing-Ex: Congo, Zambia, Haiti) --Core countries receive resources from semi-periphery and periphery, and the core distributes goods to semi-periphery and periphery states. --Periphery are often economically dependent on the more powerful countries |  | 12 |
| 13497602967 | Heartland Theory | Hypothesis proposed by Halford MacKinder that held that any political power based in the heart of Eurasia could gain enough strength to eventually dominate the world. |  | 13 |
| 13497607109 | Rimland Theory | Nicholas Spykman's theory that the domination of the coastal fringes of Eurasia would provide the base for world conquest. | | 14 |
| 13497620130 | Malthusian Theory | --Starvation is the inevitable result of population growth, because the population increases at a geometric rate while food supply can only increase arithmetically, concluded that population growth would press against available resources in every country unless "moral restraint" produced lower CBRs or disease, famine, war, or other disasters increased the CDRs. --Contrastingly, Esther Boserup argued that population growth stimulates intensification in agricultural development, resulting in more food. YAY! | 15 | |
| 13497700067 | Rostow's Stages of Economic Development | --All countries develop in a five-stage process: ---1. Traditional Society: Not yet started the process of development, many people engaged in agriculture and much of the national wealth is allocated to military and religion. ---2. Preconditions for takeoff: An elite group initiates economic activities, the country starts to invest in new technology and infrastructure. ---3. Takeoff: Rapid growth generated by limited # of economic activities like textiles/food production. These industries achieve technical advances whereas other sectors of the economy are still dominated by traditional practices. ---4. Drive to maturity: increased development of a wider industrial and commercial base. ---5. Age of mass consumption: Economy shifts from production of heavy industries to consumer goods --Drawbacks to this theory include that it does not account for cultural differences and it is based on the development histories of North America and western Europe. | 16 | |
| 13509344153 | Urban Realms Model | A spatial generalization of the large, late-twentieth-century city in the United States. It is shown to be a widely dispersed, multicentered metropolis consisting of increasingly independent zones or realms, each focused on its own suburban downtown; the only exception is the shrunken central realm, which is focused on the Central Business District (CBD). suburban regions are functionally tied to mixed-use suburban downtowns or mini CBDs Suggests that since the wide spread use of the automobile, suburban regions develop with relative independence from the original CBD. |  | 17 |
| 13509408239 | Bid rent theory | different land users are prepared to pay different amounts, the bid rents, for locations at various distances from the city center. It explains the series of concentric rings of land use found in the concentric zone model. |  | 18 |
| 13509461075 | Latin American City Model | Griffin-Ford model. Developed by Ernst Griffin and Larry Ford. Blends traditional Latin American culture with the forces of globalization. The CBD is dominant; it is divided into a market sector and a modern high-rise sector. The elite residential sector is on the extension of the CBD in the "spine". The end of the spine of elite residency is the "mall" with high-priced residencies. The further out, less wealthy it gets. The poorest are on the outer edge. contains elements of colonization and globalization in urban growth |  | 19 |
| 13509507959 | locational interdependence | Theory that industries choose locations based on where their competitors are located. | 20 | |
| 13509550067 | Borchert's Model of Urban Evolution | Borchert created this model in the 1960s to predict and explain the growth of cities in four phases of transportation history: Stage 1, the "sail wagon" era of 1790-1830 Stage 2, the "iron horse" era of 1830-1870 Stage 3, the "steel rail" epoch of 1870-1920 Stage 4, the current era of car and air travel that began after 1920. | 21 |
