Good luck! :) BBHHS
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| 283150960 | Chartered Companies | Groups of private investors who paid an annual fee to France and England in exchange for a monopoly over trade to the West Indies colonies. Provided passage to the colonies for poor Europeans who were obligated to work 3 or 4 years as indentured servants. | |
| 283150961 | Dutch West India Company | (1621-1794) Trading company chartered by the Dutch government to conduct its merchants' trade in the Americas and Africa. | |
| 283150962 | Saint Domingue | French colony that became the greatest producer of sugar in the Atlantic world (that is Vendel's definition so it will probably be on the test) | |
| 283150963 | Plantocracy | In the West Indian colonies, the rich men who owned most of the slaves and most of the land, especially in the eighteenth century. | |
| 283150964 | Driver | A privileged male slave whose job was to ensure that a slave gang did its work on a plantation. | |
| 283150965 | Seasoning | An often difficult period of adjustment to new climates, disease environments, and work routines, such as that experienced by slaves newly arrived in the Americas. | |
| 283150966 | Grands Blancs | Owners of large sugar plantations on the French colony of St. Domingue (that is Vendel's definition so it will probably be on the test) | |
| 283150967 | Petits Blancs | Non plantation owning Europeans on the French colony of St. Domingue (that is Vendel's definition so it will probably be on the test) | |
| 283150968 | Manumission | A grant of legal freedom to an individual slave. | |
| 283150969 | Capitalism | The economic system of large financial institutions —banks, stock exchanges, investment companies—that first developed in early modern Europe. Commercial ________, the trading system of the early modern economy, is often distinguished from industrial __________, the system based on machine production. | |
| 283150970 | Maroons | A slave who ran away from his or her master. Often a member of a community of runaway slaves in the West Indies and South America. | |
| 283150971 | Royal African Company | A trading company chartered by the English government in 1672 to conduct its merchants' trade on the Atlantic coast of Africa. | |
| 283150972 | Mercantilism | European government policies of the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries designed to promote overseas trade between a country and its colonies and accumulate precious metals by requiring colonies to trade only with their motherland country. The British system was defined by the Navigation Acts, the French system by laws known as the Exclusif. | |
| 283150973 | Atlantic Circuit | The network of trade routes connecting Europe, Africa, and the Americas | |
| 283150974 | Middle Passage | The part of the Atlantic Circuit involving the transportation of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic to the Americas | |
| 283150975 | Songhai | A people, language, kingdom, and empire in western Sudan in West Africa. At its height in the sixteenth century, this Muslim empire stretched from the Atlantic to the land of the Hausa and was a major player in the trans-Saharan trade. | |
| 283150976 | Hausa | Trading people in West Africa that benefitted from the destruction of Songhai (that is Vendel's definition so it will probably be on the test) | |
| 283150977 | Bornu | A powerful West African kingdom at the southern edge of the Sahara in the Central Sudan, which was important in trans-Saharan trade and in the spread of Islam. It endured from the ninth century to the end of the nineteenth. | |
| 283150978 | Sulemain the Magnificent | The most illustrious sultan of the Ottoman Empire (r. 1520-1566); "The Lawgiver." He significantly expanded the empire in the Balkans and eastern Mediterranean. | |
| 283150979 | Janissaries | Infantry, originally of slave origin, armed with firearms and constituting the elite of the Ottoman army from the fifteenth century until the corps was abolished in 1826. | |
| 283150980 | Askeri | Everyone who served in the military or the bureaucracy and conversed in Osmanli belonged to this class of the Ottoman Empire; "military" class; Members of this class were exempt from taxes | |
| 283150981 | Raya | "Flock of Sheep"; the people of the Ottoman Empire for which the sultan provided justice for and the military protected; payed taxes | |
| 283150982 | Tulip Period | (1718-1730) Last years of the reign of Ottoman sultan Ahmed III, during which European styles and attitudes became briefly popular in Istanbul. | |
| 283150983 | Shi'ite | Muslims belonging to the branch of Islam believing that God vests leadership of the community in a descendant of Muhammad's son-in-law Ali. | |
| 283150984 | Shah Abbas I | The fifth and most renowned ruler of the Safavid dynasty in Iran (r. 1587-1629). He moved the royal capital to Isfahan in 1598. | |
| 283150985 | Hidden Imam | Last in a series of twelve descendants of Muhammad's son-in-law Ali, whom Shi'ites consider divinely appointed leaders of the Muslim community. In occlusion since ca. 873, he is expected to return as a messiah at the end of time. | |
| 283150986 | Akbar | Mughal sultan from 1556 - 1605 under whom India was the most prosperous during this era (that is Vendel's definition so it will probably be on the test) | |
| 283150987 | Mansabs | In India, grants of land given in return for service by rulers of the Mughal Empire. | |
| 283150988 | Rajputs | Members of a mainly Hindu warrior caste from northwest India. The Mughal emperors drew most of their Hindu officials from this caste, and Akbar I married a _______ princess. | |
| 283150989 | Nawab | Mughal officials who became independent of the sultan (that is Vendel's definition so it will probably be on the test) | |
| 283150990 | Acheh Sultanate | Muslim kingdom in northern Sumatra. Main center of Islamic expansion in Southeast Asia in the early seventeenth century, it declined after the Dutch seized Malacca from Portugal in 1641. | |
| 283150991 | Swahili | Bantu language with Arabic loanwords spoken in coastal regions of East Africa. | |
| 283150992 | Batavia | Fort established ca. 1619 as headquarters of Dutch East India Company operations in Indonesia; today the city of Jakarta. | |
| 283150993 | Manchu | Federation of Northeast Asian peoples who founded the Qing Empire. | |
| 283150994 | Daimyo | Literally, great name(s). Japanese warlords and great landowners, whose armed samurai gave them control of the Japanese islands from the eighth to the later nineteenth century. Under the Tokugawa Shogunate they were subordinated to the imperial government. | |
| 283150995 | Tokugawa Shogunate | (1603-1868) The last of the three shogunates of Japan. The military government of Japan from about 1600-1800 | |
| 283150996 | Ming Empire | Founded by Yongle in 1368, it was during this empire that CHina saw many technological developments, including the construction of the Forbidden City (that is Vendel's definition so it will probably be on the test) | |
| 283150997 | Kangxi | Qing emperor (r. 1662-1722). He oversaw the greatest expansion of the Qing Empire. An intellectual prodigy who mastered many languages and memorized many Chinese texts, he guided a period of economic, political, and cultural success during his reign. | |
| 283150998 | Qing Empire | Empire established in China by Manchus who overthrew the Ming Empire in 1644. At various times it also controlled Manchuria, Mongolia, Turkestan, and Tibet. The last emperor was overthrown in 1911. | |
| 283150999 | Macartney Mission | (1792-1793) The unsuccessful attempt by the British Empire to establish diplomatic relations with the Qing Empire; Led by a well-connected man with practical experience in Russia and India, to China. | |
| 283151000 | Muscovy | Russian principality that emerged gradually during the era of Mongol domination. The princes of this territory that surrounded the city of Moscow overthrew the Golden Horde and ruled without interruption from 1276 to 1598. | |
| 283151001 | Siberia | Extreme northeastern sector of Asia where Russian pioneers made a living from animal pelts (that is Vendel's definition so it will probably be on the test) | |
| 283151002 | Tsar | From the Latin caesar, this Russian title for monarch was first used in the 16th century | |
| 283151003 | Serfs | In medieval Europe, an agricultural laborer legally bound to a lord's property and obligated to perform set services for the lord. In Russia some of these laborers worked as artisans and in factories; was not abolished in Russia until 1861 | |
| 283151004 | Peter the Great | Russian tsar (r. 1689-1725). They enthusiastically introduced Western languages and technologies to the Russian elite, moving the capital from Moscow to the new city of St. Petersburg. Reduced Russia's isolation, increased the empire's size and power, and advanced the technologies by gathering ideas from Europe. | |
| 283151005 | Cossacks | Peoples of the Russian Empire who lived outside the farming villages, often as herders, mercenaries, or outlaws. ________ led the conquest of Siberia in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. | |
| 283151006 | Catherine the Great | Russian tsar (r. 1762-1796). They acquired populous agricultural lands to the west, waged a successful war with the Ottoman Empire to gain access to the Black Sea, advanced policies promoting industry and building a canal system to improve trade. Was an excellent diplomat, helped westernize the Russian elite. |
