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| 207363962 | Civilization | An ambiguous term often used to denote more complex societies but sometimes used by anthropologists to describe any group of people sharing a set of cultural traits | 0 | |
| 207363963 | History | The study of past events and changes in the development, transmission, and transformation of cultural practices | 1 | |
| 207363964 | Stone Age | The historical period characterized by the production of tools from stone and other nonmetallic substances. It was followed in some places by the Bronze Age and more generally by the Iron Age | 2 | |
| 207363965 | Paleolithic | The period of the Stone Age associated with the evolution of humans. It predates the Neolithic Period | 3 | |
| 207363966 | Neolithic | The period of the Stone Age associated with the ancient Agricultural Revolusion(s). It follows the Paleolithic Period. | 4 | |
| 207363967 | Foragers | People who support themselves by hunting wild animals and gathering wild edible plants and insects | 5 | |
| 207363968 | Culture | Socially transmitted patterns of action and expressionl Material ________ refers to the physical objects, such as dwellings, clothing, tools, and crafts. It also includes arts, beliefs, knowledge, and technology. | 6 | |
| 207363969 | Agricultural Revolutions | The change from food gathering to food production that occured between ca. 8000 and 2000 BCE. Also known as the Neolithic Revolution | 7 | |
| 207363970 | Maize | Corn | 8 | |
| 207363971 | Quinoa | A protein-rich seed grain | 9 | |
| 207363972 | Tigris River | The river in Iraq (Mesopotamia) that was the site of one of the four floodplains, and began with a "T". | 10 | |
| 207363973 | Euphrates River | The river in Iraq (Mesopotamia) that was the site of one of the four floodplains, and began with a "E". | 11 | |
| 207363974 | Indus River | River in Pakistan and the site of one of the first four floodplains | 12 | |
| 207363975 | Yellow River | River in China and the site of one of the first four floodplains | 13 | |
| 207363976 | Zebu | A type of humped-back cattle in India. | 14 | |
| 207363977 | Jericho | An early town in the Middle East on the west bank of the Jordan River, has been extensively excavated. Where plastered skulls were found, that may be evidence of early ancestor reverence or worship. Ruins date around 8000 - 7000 BCE | 15 | |
| 207363978 | Catal Huyuk | An early town in the Middle East in Central Turkey that has been extensively excavated. Ruins date between 7000 and 5000 BCE | 16 | |
| 207363979 | Megaliths | Structures and Complexes of very large stones constructed for ceremonial and religious purposes in Neolithic times | 17 | |
| 207363980 | Sumerians | The people who dominated southern Mesopotamia through the end of the third millenium BCE. They were responsible for the creation of many fundamental elements of Mesopotamian culture, such as irrigation technology, cuneiform, and religious conceptions, taken over by their Semetic successors | 18 | |
| 207363981 | Semetic | Family of related languages long spoken across parts of western Asia and northern Africa. In antiquity these languages included Hebrew, Aramaic, and Phoenician. The most widespread modern member of the ________ family is Arabic | 19 | |
| 207363982 | Babylon | The largest and most important city in Mesopotamia. It achieved particular eminence as the capital of the Amorite king Hammurabi in the 18th century BCE and the Neo-Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar in the 6th century BCE | 20 | |
| 207363983 | Hammurabi | Amorite ruler of Babylon (r. 1792-1750 BCE). He conquered many citys-states in southern and northern Mesopotamia and is best known for a code of laws, incscribed on a black stone pillar, illustrating the principles to be used in legal cases. | 21 | |
| 207363984 | Amulets | Small charms meant to protect the wearer fom evil | 22 | |
| 207363985 | ziggurat | A massive pyramidal stepped tower made of mud bricks. it is associated with religious complexes in ancient Mesopotamian cities, but its function is unknown | 23 | |
| 207363986 | Bronze | an alloy of copper with a small amount of tin (or sometimes arsenic), it is harder and more durable than copper alone. The term ______ Age is applied to the era- the dates of which vary in different parts of the world - when _____ was the primary metal for tools and weapons. The demand for ______ helped create long-distance networks of trade. | 24 | |
| 207363987 | Pharaoh | The central figure in the ancient Egyptian state, believed to be an earthly manifestation of the gods. He used his absolute power to maintain the safety and prosperity of Egypt | 25 | |
| 207363988 | Ma'at | Egyptian term for the concept of divinely created and maintained order in the universe. Reflecting the ancient Egyptian's belief in an essentially beneficient world, the divine ruler was the earthly guarenteer of this order | 26 | |
| 207363989 | Pyramid | A large, triangular stone monument, used in Egypt and Nubia as a burial place for the king. The largest pyramids, erected during the Old Kingdom near Memphis with stone tools and compulsory labor, reflect the Egyptian belief that the proper and spectacular burial of the divine ruler would guarentee the continued prosperity of the land. | 27 | |
| 207363990 | Memphis | The capital of Old Kingdom Egypt, near the head of the Nile Delta. Early rulers were interred in the nearby pyramids | 28 | |
| 207363991 | Thebes | Capital city of Egypt and home of the ruling dynasties during the Middle and New Kingdoms. Amon, patron deity of _______, became one of the chief gods of Egypt. Monarchs were buried across the river in the valley of kings. | 29 | |
| 207363992 | heiroglyphics | A system of writing in which pictorial symbols represented sounds, syllables, or concepts. It was used for official and monumental inscriptions in ancient Egypt. Because of the long period of study required to master this system, literacy in heiroglyphics was confined to a relatively small group of scribes and administrators. Cursive symbol-forms were developed for rapid composition on other media, such as papyrus | 30 | |
| 207363993 | Papyrus | Scribes in workshops attatched to the temples made copies of traditional texts, workingwith ink and on this writing material, made of reed. | 31 | |
| 207363994 | Mummy | A body preserved by chemical processes or special natural circumstances, often in the belief that the deceased will need it again in the afterlife. In ancient Egypt, the bodies of people who could afford mummification underwent a complex process of removing organs, filling body cavities, dehydrating the corpse with natron, and then wrapping hte body with linen bandages and enclosing it in a wooden sarcophagus | 32 | |
| 207363995 | Harappa | Site of one of the great cities of the Indus Valley civilization of the third millenium BCE. It was located on the northwest frontier of the zone of cultivation (in modern Pakistan) and may have been a center for the acquisition of raw materials, such as metals and precious stones from Afghanistan and Iran. | 33 | |
| 207363996 | Mohenjo-Daro | Largest of the cities of the Indus Valley civilization. It was centrally located in the extensive floodplain of the Indus River in contemporary Pakistan. Little is known about the political institutions of Indus Valley communities, but the large scale of construction at _________, the orderly grid of streets, and the standardization of building materials are evidence of central planning. | 34 | |
| 207363997 | Loess | A fine, light silt deposited by wind and water. It constitutes the fertile soil of the Yellow River Valley in Northern China | 35 | |
| 207363998 | Shang | The dominant people in the earliest Chinese dynasty for which we have written records (ca. 1750-1045 BCE) | 36 | |
| 207363999 | Anyang | A city in the northern region of China that contains excavated tombs of Shang royal and elite families, valuable objects. | 37 | |
| 207364000 | Zhou | The people and dynasty that took over the dominant position in north China from the Shang and created the concepts of the Mandate of Heaven to justify their rule. The Zhou era, particularly the vigorous early period (1045-771 BCE) was remembered in Chinese tradition as a time of prosperity and benovolent rule | 38 | |
| 207364001 | Mandate of Heaven | Chinese religious and political idealogy developed by the Zhou, according to which it was the prerogative of Heaven, the chief deity, to grant power to the ruler of China and to take away that power if the ruler failed to conduct himself justly and in the best interests of his subjects. | 39 | |
| 207364002 | Confucius | Western name for the Chinese philosopher (551-479 BCE) who's doctrine of duty and public service had a great influence on the subsequent Chinese thought and served as a code of conduct for government officials. | 40 | |
| 207364003 | Daoism | Chinese school of thought, originating in the Warring States Period with Laozi.______ offered an alternative to the Confucian emphasis on hierarchy and duty. | 41 | |
| 207364004 | Yin Yang | In Chinese belief, complementary factors that helped to maintain the equilibrium of the world. ______ is associated with masculine, light, and active qualities; ______with feminine, dark, and passive qualities | 42 | |
| 207364005 | Kush | An Egyptian name for Nubia, the region alongside the Nile River south of Egypt, where an indigenous kingdom with its own distinctive institutions and cultural traditions arose beginning in the early 2nd millenium BCE | 43 | |
| 207364006 | Meroe | Capital of a flourishing kingdom in southern Nubia from the fourth ceentury BCE to the fourth century CE. In this period Nubian culture shows more independence from Egypt and the influence of sub-Saharan Africa | 44 | |
| 207364007 | Celts | Peoples sharing common linguistic and cultural features that originated in Central Europe in the first half of the first millennium BCE | 45 | |
| 207364008 | Olmec | The first Mesoamerican civilization. Between ca. 1200 and 400 BCE, the Olmec people of central Mexico created a vibrant civilization that included intensive agriculture, wide-ranging trade, ceremonial centers, and monumental construction | 46 | |
| 207364009 | La Venta | The second central cite of the Olmec, from 900 BCE to 600 BCE | 47 | |
| 207364010 | Tres Zapotes | The third and last central cite of the Olmec, from 600 BCE to 250 BCE | 48 | |
| 207364011 | San Lorenzo | The first central cite of the Olmec, from 1200 BCE to 900 BCE | 49 | |
| 207364012 | Chavin | The first major urban civilization in South America (900-250 BCE) | 50 | |
| 207364013 | llama | a hoofed animal indigenous to the Andes Mountains in South America. It was the only domesticated beast of burden in the Americas before the arrival of Europeans | 51 | |
| 207364014 | Carthage | A city in present-day Tunisia, which for centuries dominated the commerce of the western Mediterranean. The setting of the famous story of Dido and her supporters | 52 | |
| 207364015 | Iron Age | Historians' term for the period during which iron was the primary metal for tools and weapons. The advent of ____ technology began at different times in different parts of the world | 53 | |
| 207364016 | Zagros | The mountains where the Kassites are from. | 54 | |
| 207364017 | Hittites | A people from central Anatolia who established an empire in Anatolia and Syria in the Late Bronze Age. With wealth from the trade in metals and military power based on chariot forces, the Hittites vied with New Kingdom Egypt for control of Syria-Palestine before falling to unidentified attackers ca. 1200 BCE | 55 | |
| 207364018 | Hatshepsut | Queen of Egypt (r. 1473-1458 BCE). She dispatched a naval expedition to Punt (possibly northeast Sudan or Eritrea), the faraway source of myrrh. There is evidence of opposition to a woman as ruler, and after her death her name and image were frequently defaced | 56 | |
| 207364019 | Akhenaten | Egyptian pharaoh (r. 1353-1335 BCE). He built a new capital at Armarna, fostered a new style of naturalistic art, and created a religious revolution by imposing worship of the sun-disk. | 57 | |
| 207364020 | Ramesses II | A long-lived ruler of New Kingdom Egypt (r. 1290-1224 BCE). He reached an accomodation with the Hittites of Anatolia after a standoff in battle at Kadesh in Syria. He built on a grand scale throughout Egypt. | 58 | |
| 207364021 | Minoan | Prosperous civilization on the Aegean island of Crete in the second millennium BCE. The _____s engaged in a far-flung commerce around the Mediterranean and exerted powerful cultural influences on the early Greeks | 59 | |
| 207364022 | Cnossus | The only Cretan palace that was not destroyed. Where the Mycenaean Greeks took over | 60 | |
| 207364023 | Mycenae | Site of a fortified palace complex in southern Greece that controlled a Late Bronze Age kingdom. In Homer's epic, _____ was the base of King Agamemnon, who commanded the Greeks besieging Troy. Contemporary archaelogists call the complex Greek society of the 2nd millennium BCE "Mycenaean". | 61 | |
| 207364024 | Shaft graves | A term used for the burial sites of elite members of Mycenaean Greek society in the mid-second millennium BCE. At the bottom of the deep holes lines with stone slabs, the bodies were laid out along with gold and bronze jewelry, implements, weapons, and masks. | 62 | |
| 207364025 | Linear B | A set of syllabic symbols, derived from the writing system of Minoan Crete, used in the Mycenaean palaces of the Late Bronze Age to write an early form of Greek. It was used primarily for palace records, and the surviving Linear B tablets provide substantial information about the economic organization of Mycenaean society and tantalizing clues about political, social, and religious institutions | 63 | |
| 207364026 | Neo-Assyrian Empire | An empire extending from western Iran to Syria-Palestine, conquered by the Assyrians of northern Mesopotamia between the tenth and seventh centuries BCE. They used force and terror and exploited the wealth and labor of their subjects. They also preserved and continued the cultural and scientific developments of Mesopotamian civilization | 64 | |
| 207364027 | Mass deportation | The forceible removal and relocation of large numbers of people or entire populations. The ____ ___________ practiced by the Assyrian and Persian empires were means as a terrifying warning of the consequences of rebellion. They also brought skilled and unskilled labor to the imperial center | 65 | |
| 207364028 | Israel | In antiquity, the land between the eastern shore of the Mediterranean and the Jordan River, occupied by the Israelites from the early second millennium BCE. The modern state of ______ was founded in 1948. | 66 | |
| 207364029 | Hebrew Bible | A collection of sacred books containing diverse materials concerning the origins, experiences, and beliefs and practices of the Israelites. Most of the extant text was compiled by members of the priestly class in the 5th century BCE and reflects the concerns and views of this group | 67 | |
| 207364030 | monotheism | Belief in the existence of a single divine entity. Some scholars cite the devotion of the Egyptian pharaoh Akhenaten to Aten (sun-disk) and his suppression of traditional gods as the earliest instance. The Israelite worship of Yahweh developed into an exclusive belief in one god, and this concept passed into Christianity and Islam | 68 | |
| 207364031 | Diaspora | Greek work meaning "dispersal" used to describe the communities of a given ethnic group living outside their homeland. Jews, for example, spread from Israel to western Asia and Mediterrranean lands in antiquity and today can be found throughout the world | 69 | |
| 207364032 | Phoenicians | Semitic-speaking Canaanites living on the coast of modern Lebanon and Syria in the 1st millennium Bce. From major cities such as Tyre and Sidon,____________ merchants and sailors explored the Mediterranean, engaged in widespread commerce, and founded Carthage and other colonies in the western Mediterranean. | 70 | |
| 207364033 | Tephets | walled enclosures where thousands of small, sealed urns containing the burned bones of children lay buried | 71 | |
| 207364034 | Plutarch | A greek who lived around 100 CE, long after the demise of Carthage | 72 | |
| 207364035 | Neo-Babylonian Kingdom | Under the Chaldaeans (nomadic kinship groups that settled in southern Mesopotamia in the early 1st millennium BCE), Babylon again became a major political and cultural center in the 7th and 6th centuries BCE. After participating in the destruction of Assyrian power, the monarchs Nabopolasser and Nebuchadnezzar took over the southern portion of the Assyrian domains | 73 |
