Vocab for AP History...BBHHS. Good luck! :)
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| 246529077 | Mecca | City in western Arabia; birthplace of the prophet Muhammad and ritual center of the Islamic religion | 0 | |
| 246529078 | Muhammad | Arab prophet; founder of the religion of Islam | 1 | |
| 247896131 | Muslim | An adherent of the Islamic religion; a person who "submits" (In Arabic, Islam means "submission") to the will of God | 2 | |
| 247896132 | Islam | Religion expounded by the Prophet Muhammad on the basis of his recaption of divine revelations, which were collected after his death into the Quran. In the tradition of Judaism and Christianity, and sharing much of their lore, _______ calls on all people to recognize one creator god - Allah- who rewards or punishes believers after death according on how they led their lives | 3 | |
| 247896133 | Medina | City in western Arabia to which the Prophet Muhammad and his followers emigrated in 622 to escape persecution in Mecca | 4 | |
| 247896134 | Umma | The community of all Muslims. A major innovation against the background of seventh-century Arabia, where traditionally kinship rather than faith had determined membership in a community | 5 | |
| 247896135 | Caliphate | Office established in succession to the Prophet Muhammad, to rule the Islamic empire; also the name of that empire | 6 | |
| 247896136 | Quran | Book composed of divine revelations made by the Prophet Muhammad between ca. 610 and his death in 632; the sacred text of the religion of Islam | 7 | |
| 247896137 | Shi'ites | Muslims belonging to the branch of Islam believing that God vests leadership of the community in a descendant of Muhammad's son-in-law Ali.These people and their religion constitute the state religion of Iran. | 8 | |
| 247896138 | Umayyad Caliphate | First hereditary dynasty of Muslim caliphs (661-750). From their capital at Damascus, the _________ruled an empire that extended from Spain to India. Overthrown by the Abbasid Caliphate. | 9 | |
| 247896139 | Sunnis | Muslims belonging to the branch of Islam believing that the community should select its own leadership. The majority religion in most Islamic countries | 10 | |
| 247896140 | Abbasid Caliphate | Descendants of the Prophet Muhammad's uncle, al-Abbas, the ________ __________overthrew the Umayyad Caliphate and ruled an Islamic empire from their capital in Baghdad (founded 762) from 750 to 1258 | 11 | |
| 247896141 | Mamluks | Under the Islamic system of military slavery, Turkic military slaves who formed an important part of the armed forces of the Abbasid Caliphate of the 9th and 10th centuries. ______ eventually founded their own state, ruling in Egypt and Syria (1250-1517). | 12 | |
| 247896142 | Ghana | First known kingdom in sub-Saharan West Africa between the 6th and 13th centuries CE. Also the modern West African country once known as the Gold Coast; first known sub-Saharan beneficiary of the new exchange system of Africa, the trade across the Saharan desert | 13 | |
| 247896143 | Ulama | Muslim religious scholars. From the 9th century onward, the primary interpreters of Islamic law and the social core of Muslim urban societies; Arabic for "people with (religious) knowledge" - worked against any permanent division of the Islamic umma | 14 | |
| 247896144 | Hadith | A tradition relating to the words or deeds of the Prophet Muhammad; next to the Quran, the most important basis for Islamic law | 15 | |
| 247896145 | Charlemagne | King of the Franks (r. 768-814); emperor (r. 800-814). Through a series of military conquests, he established the Carolingian Empire, which encompassed all of Gaul and parts of Germany and Italy. Though illiterate himself, he sponsored a brief intellectual revival | 16 | |
| 247896146 | medieval | Literally "middle age", a term that historians of Europe use for the time period ca. 500-1500 CE that signified the intermediate point between Greco-Roman antiquity and the Renaissance | 17 | |
| 247896147 | Byzantine Empire | Historians' name for the eastern portion of the Roman Empire from the 4th century onward, with its capital at Constantinople. Fell to the Ottomans in 1453 | 18 | |
| 247896148 | Kievan Russia | State established in Ukraine ca. 880 by Scandinavian adventurers asserting authority over a mostly Slavic farming population | 19 | |
| 247896149 | Schism | A formal split within a religious community | 20 | |
| 247896150 | Manor | In medieval Europe, a large self-sufficient landholding consisting of the lord's residence, outbuildings, peasant village, and the surrounding land | 21 | |
| 247896151 | Serf | In medieval Europe, an agricultural laborer legally bound to a lord's property and obligated to perform set services for the lord | 22 | |
| 247896152 | Fief | In medieval Europe, land granted in return for a sworn oath to provide specified military service | 23 | |
| 247896153 | Vassal | In medieval Europe, a sworn supporter of a king or lord committed to rendering specified military service to that king or lord | 24 | |
| 247896154 | Papacy | The central administration of the Roman Catholic Church, of which the pope is the head | 25 | |
| 247896155 | Holy Roman Empire | Loose federation of mostly German states and principalities, headed by an emperor elected by the princes. It lasted from 962 to 1806. It was where the pope "gave" power to the emperor | 26 | |
| 247896156 | Investiture Controversy | Dispute between the popes and the Holy Roman Emperors over who held ultimate authority over bishops in imperial lands | 27 | |
| 247896157 | Monasticism | Living in a religious community apart from secular society and adhering to a rule stipulating chastity, obedience, and poverty. It was a prominent element of medieval Christianity and Buddhism._________ (buildings of this way of life) were the primary centers of learning and literacy in medieval Europe | 28 | |
| 253337782 | Horse Collar | Harnessing method that increased the efficiency of horses by shifting the point of traction from the animal's neck to the shoulders; its adoption favors the spread of horse-drawn plows and vehicles | 29 | |
| 253337783 | Crusades | (1095-1204) Armed pilgrimages to the Holy Land by Christians determined to recover Jerusalem from Muslim rule. The ___________ brought an end to western Europe's centuries of intellectual and cultural isolation | 30 | |
| 253337784 | Pilgrimage | Journey to a sacred shrine by Christians seeking to show their piety, fufill vows, or gain absolution for sins. Other religious also have _________ traditions, such as the Muslim __________ to Mecca and the _________s made by early Chinese Buddhists to India in search of sacred Buddhist writings. | 31 | |
| 253337785 | Grand Canal | The 1,100-mile (1,771 kilometer) waterway linking the Yellow and Yangzi Rivers. It was begun in the Han period and completed during the Sui Empire | 32 | |
| 253337786 | Li Shimin | One of the founders of the Tang Empire and its second emperor (r. 626 - 649) - very brilliant. He led the expansion of the empire into Central Asia | 33 | |
| 253337787 | Tang Empire | Empire unifying China and part of Central Asia, founded 618 by the Li family and ended 907. The emperors presided over a magnificent court at their capital, Chang'an | 34 | |
| 253337788 | Tributary System | A system in which, from the time of the Han Empire, countries in East and Southeast Asia not under the direct control of empires based in China nevertheless enrolled as tributary states, acknowledging the superiority of the emperors of china in exchange for trading rights or strategic alliances | 35 | |
| 253337789 | Song Empire | Empire in central and southern China (960-1126) while the Liao people controlled the north. Empire in southern China (1127 - 1279) while the Jin people controlled the north. Distinguished for its advances in technology, medicine, astronomy, and mathematics | 36 | |
| 253337790 | Junk | A very large flatbottom sailing ship produced in the Tang, Song, and Ming Empires, specially designed for long-distance commercial travel | 37 | |
| 253337791 | Gunpowder | A mixture of saltpeter, sulfur, and charcoal, in various proportions. The formula brought to China in the 400s or 500s was first used to make fumigators and keep away insect pests and evil spirits. In later centuries, it was used to make explosives and grenades and to propel cannon-balls, shot, and bullets. Initially used by the Song to propel clusters of flaming arrows | 38 | |
| 253337792 | Neo-Confucianism | Term used to describe new approaches to understanding classic Confucian texts that became the basic ruling philosophy of china from the Song period to the 20th century | 39 | |
| 253337793 | Zen | The Japanese word for a branch of Mahayana Buddhism based on highly disciplined meditation. It is known in Sanskrit as "dhyana", in Chinese as "chan", and in Korean as "son" | 40 | |
| 253337794 | Movable Type | Method of printing in which each individual character is cast on a seperate piece of metal. It replaced woodblock printing, allowing for the arrangement of individual letters and other characters on a page, rather than requiring the carving of entire pages at a time. It may have been invented in Korea in the 13th century. Made printing cheaper | 41 | |
| 253337795 | Shamanism | The practice of identifying special individuals who will interact with spirits for the benefit of the community. Characteristic of the Korean kingdoms of the early medieval period and of early societies of Central Asia | 42 | |
| 253337796 | Koryo | Korean kingdom founded in 918 and destroyed by a Mongol invasion in 1259 | 43 | |
| 253337797 | Fujiwara | Aristocratic family that dominated the Japanese imperial court between the 9th and 12th centuries | 44 | |
| 253337798 | Kamakura Shogunate | The first of Japan's decentralized miitary governments (1185 - 1333) | 45 | |
| 253337799 | Champa Rice | Quick-maturing rice that can allow two harvests in one growing season. Originally introduced to a region of Southern Vietnam from India, it was later sent to China as a tribute gift by the Champa state | 46 | |
| 253337800 | Srivijaya | A state based on the Indonesian islamd of Sumatra, between the 7th and 11th centuries C.E. It amassed wealth and power by a combination of selective adaption of Indian technologies and concepts, control of the lucrative trade routes between India and China, and skillful showmanship and diplomacy in holding together a disparate realm of inland and coastal territories | 47 | |
| 253337801 | Teotihuacan | A powerful city-state in central Mexico (100 BCE - 750 CE). Its population was about 150,000 at its peak in 600 | 48 | |
| 253337802 | Chinampas | Raised fields constructed along lake-shores in Mesoamerica to increase agricultural yields | 49 | |
| 253337803 | Maya | Mesoamerican civilization concenrated in Mexico's Yucatán Peninsula and in Guatemala and Honduras, but never unified into a single empire. Major contributions were in mathematics, astronomy, and development of the calendar | 50 | |
| 253377687 | Toltecs | Powerful post-classic empire in central Mexico (900-1175 CE). It influenced much of Mesoamerica. Aztects claimed ties to this earlier civilization. | 51 | |
| 253377688 | Altepetl | An ethnic state in ancient Mesoamerica, the common political building block of that region. How the Aztecs (called Mexica) were organized - were led by a tlatoani, or ruler. | 52 | |
| 253377689 | Calpolli | A group of up to 100 families that served as a social building block of an altepetl in ancient Mesoamerica. Controlled land allocation, tax collection, and local religious life for the altepetl | 53 | |
| 253377690 | Tenochtitlan | Capital of the Aztec Empire, located on an island in Lake Texcoco. Its population was about 150,000 on the eve of Spanish conquest. Mexico City was constructed on its ruins. One of the twin capitals, founded around 1325 CE | 54 | |
| 253377691 | Aztecs | Also known as the Mexica, this group of people created a powerful empire in central Mexico (1325 - 1521 CE). They forced defeated peoples to provide goods and labor as a tax. | 55 | |
| 253377692 | Tribute System | A system in which defeated peoples were forced to pay a tax in the form of goods and labor. This forced transfer of food, cloth, and other goods subsidized the development of lare cities. An important component of the Aztec and Inca economies | 56 | |
| 253377693 | Anasazi | A number of dispersed, though similar, desert cultures located in what is now the Four Corners region of Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, and Utah (700-1300 CE).Built multistory residences and worshipped in subterranean buildings called kivas. Comes from a Navajo word meaning "ancient ones", developed an economy based on maize, beans, and squash | 57 | |
| 253377694 | Chiefdom | Form of political organization with rule by a hereditary leader who held power over a collection of villages and towns. Less powerful than kingdoms and empires, they were based on gift giving and commercial links. Found in North America, with populations as large as 10,000, and rule by a chief with both religious and secular responsibilities | 58 | |
| 253377695 | Ayllu | Andean lineage group of kin-based community. the "clans" of Andean civilizations, each of these held land and spread responsibilities to all members of the group | 59 | |
| 253377696 | Mit'a | Andean labor system based on shared obligations to help kinsmen and work on behalf of the ruler and religious organizations. Was a rotational labor draft that organized members of the ayllus to work the fields and care for the llama and alpaca herds owned by reliigious establishments, the royal court, and the aristocracy | 60 | |
| 253377697 | Moche | Civilization of the northern coast of Peru (200-700 CE). An important Andean civilization that build extensive irrigation networks, as well as impressive urban centers dominated by brick temples | 61 | |
| 253377698 | Wari | Andean civilization culturally linked to Tiwanaku, perhaps beginning as a colony of Tiwanaku. Contributed to the disappearance of the Moche by putting presure on trade routes that linked the coastal region with the highlands | 62 | |
| 253377699 | Tiwanaku | Name of the capital city and empire centered on the region near lake Titicaca in modern Bolivia (375 - 1000 CE). Was distinguished by the scale of its construction and the high quality of its stone masonry | 63 | |
| 253377700 | Inca | Largest and most powerful Andean empire. Controlled the Pacific coast of South America from Ecuador to Chile and from its capital of Cuzco. | 64 | |
| 253377701 | Khipus | System of knotted colored cords used by pre-literate Andean peoples to transmit information. Administrators used these for public administration, population counts, and tribute obligations | 65 | |
| 253377702 | Mongols | A people who have appeared in history as early as the Tang Empire, living as nomads in northern Eurasia. After 1206, they established an enormous and infamous empire under Genghis Khan, linking western and eastern Eurasia. | 66 | |
| 253377703 | Genghis Khan | The title of Temüjin when he ruled the Mongols (1206 - 1227). It means the "oceanic" or "universal leader". The founder of the Mongol Empire | 67 | |
| 253377704 | Nomadism | A way of life, forced by a scarcity of resources, in which groups of people continually migrate to find pastures and water | 68 | |
| 253377705 | Yuan Empire | Empire created in China and Siberia by Khubilai Khan | 69 | |
| 253377706 | Bubonic Plague | A bacterial disease of fleas that can be transmitted by flea bites to rodents and humans; humans in late stages of the illness can spread the bacteria by coughing. Because of its very high mortality rate and the difficulty of preventing its spread, major outbreaks have created crises in many parts of the world | 70 | |
| 253377707 | Il-khan | A "secondary" or "peripheral" khan based in Persia. Their khanate was founded by Hülegü, a grandson of Genghis Khan, and was based at Tabriz in the Iranian province of Azerbaijan. It controlled much of Iran and Iraq, and parts of Armenia. | 71 | |
| 253377708 | Golden Horde | Mongol khanate founded by Genghis Khan's grandson Batu. It was based in southern Russia and quickly adopted both the Turkic language and Islam, because it ruled an indigenous Muslim population. Also known as the Kipchak Horde | 72 | |
| 253377709 | Timur | Member of a prominent family of the Mongols' Jagadai Khanate, he gained control over much of Central Asia and Iran through conquest. He consolidated the status of Sunni Islam as Orthodox, and his descendents, the Timurids, maintained his empire for nearly a century, then founded by Mughal Empire in India | 73 | |
| 253377710 | Rashid al-Din | Adviser to the Il-khan ruler Ghazan, who converted to Islam on this man's advice | 74 | |
| 253377711 | Nasir al-Din Tusi | Persian mathematician and cosmologist whose academy near Tabriz provided the model for the movement of the planets that helped to inspire the Copernican model of the solar system (planets orbit sun) | 75 | |
| 253377712 | Alexander Nevskii | Prince of Novgorod (r. 1236 - 1263). He submitted to the invading Mongols in 1240 and received recognition as the leader of the Russian princes under the Golden Horde. | 76 | |
| 253377713 | Tsar | From Latin "caesar", this Russian title for monarch was first used in reference to a Russian ruler by Ivan III (r. 1462 - 1505) | 77 | |
| 253377714 | Ottoman Empire | Islamic state founded by Osman in northwestern Anatolia ca. 1300. After the fall of the Byzantine Empire, the _______ _________ was based at Istanbul (formerly Constantinople) from 1453 to 1922. It encompassed lands in the MIddle East, North Africa, the Caucasus, and eastern Europe | 78 | |
| 253377715 | Khubilai Khan | Last of the Mongol Great Khans (r. 1260 - 1294) and founder of the Yuan Empire; Attempted to create a synthesis of Mongol and Chinese traditions. | 79 | |
| 253377716 | Lama | In Tibetan Buddhism, a teacher or priest | 80 | |
| 253377717 | Beijing | China's northern capital, first used as an imperial capital in 906 and now the capital of the People's Republic of China; Used as the capital of the Yuan Empire, and became the center of cultural and economic life | 81 | |
| 253377718 | Ming Empire | Empire based in China that Zhu Yuanzhang established after the overthrow of the Yuan Empire. The emperor Yongle sponsored the building of the Forbidden City and the voyages of Zheng He. The later years of this empire saw a slowdown in technological development and economic decline | 82 | |
| 253377719 | Yongle | The third emperor of the Ming Empire (r. 1403 - 1424). He sponsored the building of the Forbidden City, a huge encyclopedia project, the expeditions of Zheng He, and the reopening of China's borders to trade and travel. | 83 | |
| 253377720 | Zheng He | An emperial eunuch and Muslim, entrusted by the Ming emperor Yongle with a series of state voyages that took his gitantic ships through the Indian Ocean, from Southeast Asia to Africa | 84 | |
| 253377721 | Yi | The dynasty that ruled Korea from the fall of the Koryo kingdom to the colonization of Korea by Japan; centered their capital in Seoul and sought to reestablish a distinctive Korean identity | 85 | |
| 253377722 | kamikaze | The "divine wind" or "wind of the Gods" which the Japanese credited with blowing Mongol invaders away from their shores in 1281 (a typhoon) | 86 | |
| 253377723 | Ashikaga Shogunate | The second of Japan's military governments headed by a shogun (a military ruler). Sometimes called the "Muromachi Shogunate". Took control at the imperial center of Kyoto in 1338, when the Mongol threat was waning | 87 | |
| 253377724 | Ibn Battuta | Moroccan Muslim scholar, the most widely traveled individual of his time. He wrote a detailed account of his visits to Islamic lands from China to Spain and the western Sudan | 88 | |
| 253377725 | Tropics | Equitorial region btween the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn. It is characterized by generally warm or hot temperatures year-round, though much variation exists due to altitude and other factors. Temperate zones north and south of the _______ generally have a winter season | 89 | |
| 253377726 | Monsoon | Seasonal winds in the Indian Ocean caused by the differences in temperature between the rapidly heating and cooling land-masses of Africa and Asia and the slowly changing ocean waters. These strong and predictable winds have long been ridden across the open sea by sailors, and the large amounts of rainfall that they deposit on parts of India, Southeast Asia, and China allow for the cultivation of several crops a year | 90 | |
| 253377727 | Dehli Sultanate | Centralized Indian empire of varying extend, created by Muslim invaders | 91 | |
| 253377728 | Mali | Empire created by indigenous Muslims in western Sudan of West Africa from the 13th to 15th century. It was famous for its role in the trans-Saharan gold ttrade | 92 | |
| 253377729 | Mansa Kankan Musa | Ruler of Mali (r. 1312 - 1337). His pilgrimage through Egypt to Mecca in 1324-1325 established the empire's reputation for wealth in the Mediterranean world | 93 | |
| 253377730 | Gujarat | Region of western India famous for trade and manufacturing | 94 | |
| 253377731 | dhows | Characteristic cargo and passenger ships of the Arabian Sea | 95 | |
| 253377732 | Swahili Coast | East African shores of the Indian Ocean between the Horn of Africa and the Zambezi River | 96 | |
| 253377733 | Great Zimbabwe | City, now in ruins (in the modern African country of Zimbabwe), whose many stone structures were build between about 1250 and 1450, when it was a trading center and the capital of a large state | 97 | |
| 253377734 | Aden | Port city in the modern south Arabian country of Yemen. It has been a major trading center in the Indian Ocean since ancient times | 98 | |
| 253377735 | Malacca | Port city in the modern Southeast Asian country of Malaysia, founded about 1400 as a trading center on the strait located between the Bay of Bengal and the South China Sea | 99 | |
| 253377736 | Urdu | A Persian-influenced literary form of Hindi written in arabic characters and used as a literary language since the 1300s | 100 | |
| 253377737 | Timbuktu | City on the Niger River in the modern country of Mali. It was founded by the Tuareg as a seasonal camp sometime after 1000. As part of the Mali Empire, ________ became a major terminus of the trans-Saharan trade and a center of Islamic learning | 101 |
