AP History Terms
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| 1050661803 | Presidential election of 1824 | John Quincy Adams was against Andrew Jackson and his supporters, mudslinging was commonly used in the election. First election that the candidates used rallies, slogans, buttons and other forms of propaganda to win over people. Adams won. | 1 | |
| 1050661804 | The "Corrupt Bargain" | Name for the deal struck between Adams and Clay that if Adams makes Clay Secretary of State, Adams would be guaranteed victory even though Jackson got a plurality. | 2 | |
| 1050661805 | President John Quincy Adams | Diplomat, speaker of the House of Representatives. He promised a strong nationalist policy incorporating Henry Clay's American System (protective tariffs, national bank, internal improvements).He was a brilliant diplomat but an inept president underestimating the lingering effects of the Panic of 1819 and the resulting staunch opposition to a national bank and a protective tariff. Presidency was largely unsuccessful because of the Jacksonians that hindered him. | 3 | |
| 1050661806 | Presidential Election of 1828 | John Quincy Adams was against Andrew Jackson and his supporters, mudslinging was commonly used in the election. First election that the candidates used rallies, slogans, buttons and other forms of propaganda to win over people. Jackson won. | 4 | |
| 1050661807 | Andrew Jackson | (1829-1833) and (1833-1837), Indian removal act, nullification crisis, Old Hickory," first southern/ western president," President for the common man," pet banks, spoils system, specie circular, trail of tears, Henry Clay Flexural Process. | 5 | |
| 1050661808 | Jacksonian Democrats | 1828-1848; Jeffersonian traditions/ideas; Supporters: small farmers & mechanics; Anti-National Bank; States control/build roads & canals; Proslavery; Pro-Mexican War; Strong executive; Laissez-faire | 6 | |
| 1050661809 | Kitchen Cabinet | A small group of Jackson's friends and advisors who were especially influential in the first years of his presidency. Jackson conferred with them instead of his regular cabinet. Many people didn't like Jackson ignoring official procedures, and called it the "Kitchen Cabinet" or "Lower Cabinet". | 7 | |
| 1050661810 | Maysville Road veto | 1830 - The Maysville Road Bill proposed building a road in Kentucky (Clay's state) at federal expense. Jackson vetoed it because he didn't like Clay, and Martin Van Buren pointed out that New York and Pennsylvania paid for their transportation improvements with state money. Applied strict interpretation of the Constitution by saying that the federal government could not pay for internal improvements. | 8 | |
| 1050661811 | Tariff of Abominations | 1828 - Also called Tariff of 1828, it raised the tariff on imported manufactured goods. The tariff protected the North but harmed the South; South said that the tariff was economically discriminatory and unconstitutional because it violated state's rights. | 9 | |
| 1050661812 | Doctrine of Nullification | 1832, Calhoun and South Carolina declared a state could suspend federal laws. a right of a state to reject a federal law that it considers unconstitutional | 10 | |
| 1050661813 | Webster-Hayne Debate | An argument between Daniel Webster and Robert Hayne, about the issue states' rights versus national power. Webster said that Hayne was a challenge to the integrity of the Union. Hayne responded with a defense of the theory of nullification. Webster then spent two full afternoons delivering what became known as his "Second Reply to Hayne." He concluded with the ringing appeal: "Liberty and Union, now and for ever, one and inseparable." | 11 | |
| 1050661814 | Tariff of 1812 | The first protective tariff in U.S. history. Raised the tariff rates on certain goods for the purpose of protecting U.S. manufacturers from ruin. | 12 | |
| 1050661815 | Nullification Crisis | A sectional crisis during the presidency of Andrew Jackson created by the Ordinance of Nullification, an attempt by the state of South Carolina to nullify a federal law - the tariff of 1828 - passed by the United States Congress. | 13 | |
| 1050661816 | Force Act | Jackson's response to South Carolina's nullification of the Tariff of 1832; enabled him to make South Carolina comply through force; Henry Clay reworked the tariff so that South Carolina would accept it, but after accepting it, South Carolina also nullified the Force Act | 14 | |
| 1050661817 | Tariff of 1833 | Stated that import taxes would gradually decrease by about 10% over a period of eight years until they matched the levels of the Tariff of 1816. Although the state and federal governments were able to strike a compromise, Jackson's near invasion of S. Carolina illustrated the federal government's stance on the power of a state to annul federal laws. | 15 | |
| 1050661818 | Veto of the 2nd Bank Re-chartering Bill | Jackson did not re-charter the 2nd National Bank | 16 | |
| 1050661819 | Presidential Election of 1832 | Jackson vs. Henry Clay, Jackson reelected | 17 | |
| 1050661820 | "Pet" Banks | small state banks set up by Jackson to keep federal funds out of the National Bank, used until funds were consolidated into a single treasury | 18 | |
| 1050661821 | Specie Circular | ..., Issued by President Jackson July 11, 1836, was meant to stop land speculation caused by states printing paper money without proper specie (gold or silver) backing it. It required that the purchase of public lands be paid for in specie. It stopped the land speculation and the sale of public lands went down sharply. The panic of 1837 followed. | 19 | |
| 1050661822 | The Whig Party | This party wanted expanding power of the federal government, encouraged industrial and commercial development, and was cautious about westward expansion because they feared it would produce instability. It encouraged rising to commercial and manufacturing power and was found favorable to the merchants and manufacturers of the Northeast, the wealthy planters of the South, and the farmers of the West. This party also attracted Evangelical Protestants. | 20 | |
| 1050661823 | Martin Van Buren | (1837-1841) Advocated lower tariffs and free trade, and by doing so maintained support of the south for the Democratic party. He succeeded in setting up a system of bonds for the national debt. | 21 | |
| 1050661824 | William Henry Harrison | (1841), was an American military leader, politician, the ninth President of the United States, and the first President to die in office. Led US forces in the Battle of Tippecanoe. | 22 | |
| 1050661825 | Farm Communities | Small villages in which communal values still ruled and families gathered on one another's farm to accomplish as a community what they could not manage individually. Tight- knit communities with churches, a post office, general store, railroad or wagon depot, and tavern. | 23 | |
| 1050661826 | Country bees and Town bees | country bees=corn husking, sewing, etc. town bees-people had less time for these as they were usually also working | 24 | |
| 1050661827 | The Shakers | This group, led by "Mother" Ann Lee, was known for their "shaking" as they felt the spirit of God pulse through them during church services. They eventually died out due to their forbidding sexual relations. | 25 | |
| 1050661828 | The Mormons | Began by Joseph Smith and known officially as the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints. They faced persecution in America and established themselves a Utah desert, currently, Salt Lake City, founded by Brigham Young. | 26 | |
| 1050661829 | Brook Farms | - Utopian compound that established in 1841 in Roxbury, Mass. | 27 | |
| 1050661830 | Transcendentalism | A nineteenth-century movement in the Romantic tradition, which held that every individual can reach ultimate truths through spiritual intuition, which transcends reason and sensory experience. | 28 | |
| 1050661831 | American Renaissance | A burst of American literature during the 1840s, highlighted by the novels of Herman Melville and Nathaniel Hawthorne; the essays of Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, and Margaret Fuller; and the poetry of Walt Whitman. Emphasized emotion and inner feeling and created a more democratic literature, accessible to everyone. Women also contributed literary works. | 29 | |
| 1050661832 | Ralph Waldo Emerson | American transcendentalist who was against slavery and stressed self-reliance, optimism, self-improvement, self-confidence, and freedom. He was a prime example of a transcendentalist and helped further the movement. | 30 | |
| 1050661833 | California Gold Rush | 1848 gold was discovered by James W. Marshall at Sutter's Mill, in Coloma, California. News of the discovery soon spread, resulting in some 300,000 men, women, and children coming to California from the rest of the United States and abroad. These early gold-seekers, called "forty-niners," traveled to California by sailing boat and in covered wagons across the continent, often facing substantial hardships on the trip. San Francisco grew from a small settlement to a boomtown, and roads, churches, schools and other towns were built throughout California. A system of laws and a government were created, leading to the admission of California as a state in 1850 | 31 | |
| 1050661834 | "Forty-Niners" | Speculators who went to northern California following the discovery of gold in 1848; the first of several years of large-scale migration was 1849. | 32 | |
| 1050661835 | California Agricultural boom | most productive/richest agriculture with top production, extensive irrigation, 1/4 of nation's food - vineyards (immigration farm labor) | 33 | |
| 1050661836 | New York City | Became the commercial center of the nation in the 1800s. | 34 | |
| 1050661837 | Early 19th century urban problems | Because of rapid expansion, cities were disorderly, unsafe, and unhealthy. Migrants relieved themselves outside and threw refuse in any vacant area leading to the spread of disease and polluted water. Slowly helped with piping, sewers, and refuse collectors. Cities lacked adequate taxing power to provide services for all. | 35 | |
| 1050661838 | Public Schools | schools that are paid for by taxes and managed by local government for the benefit of the general public | 36 | |
| 1050661839 | Horace Mann | (1796-1859) He was an idealistic graduate of Brown University, secretary of the Massachusetts board of education. He was involved in the reformation of public education (1825-1850). He campaigned for better school houses, longer school terms, higher pay for teachers, and an expanded curriculum. He caused a reformation of the public schools. | 37 | |
| 1050661840 | McGuffey's Electric Readers | written by Horace Mann. He was most influential in school movement and wrote this book which helped students read about alcohol problems and the troubles of the society | 38 | |
| 1050661841 | Popular literature in 19th century America | Fiction and autobiographies emerged as popular literature in addition to religious tracts. Secular publications such as newspapers and magazines increased and women often read publications in which women were given a special moral bearing. | 39 | |
| 1050661842 | The theater in early 19th century America | providing a social environment and entertainment, this way of spending one' s free time became increasingly popular in the 19th century. Playwrights like Shakespeare became well known. | 40 | |
| 1050661843 | Spectator sports in early 19th century America | like all forms of leisure activity, interest in this increased dramatically. Baseball and boxing drew huge numbers of largely male fans. "The Sprit of the Times" was the first sports-only newspaper. | 41 | |
| 1050661844 | Associations and Clubs in early 19th century America | These clubs were formed in order to provide space and occasions for leisure set apart from the crowds and rowdiness of public events. Upper class citizens who felt alienated in the city founded exclusive clubs and associations brought together like people, but they also formalized divisions among groups. | 42 | |
| 1050661845 | Bowery Boys and Bowery Gals | Youth culture in NYC Bowery, an entertainment strip. Older New Yorkers feared them. Boys had long hair greased into roll. Gals flaunted outrageous costumes and ornate hats. | 43 | |
| 1050661846 | Urban riots | Merchants, craftsmen and laborers vented rage against political and economic rivals. New York hired uniformed policemen; killed newspaper editor Elijah Lovejoy. | 44 | |
| 1050661847 | Alexis de Tocqueville | (1805-1859) French philosopher, politician and author; his work, Democracy in America, encouraged Americans to form their own culture rather than mimicking that of Europeans. | 45 | |
| 1050661848 | Urban poor | people in urban growing centers who were homeless & depended on charity or crime for survival; many died; many were recent immigrants or people who had a hard time being successful because of society | 46 | |
| 1050661849 | New York City's Five Points | Few blocks from city halls, no running water or sewers, notorious for its squalor. Old Brewery converted to housing, primarily Irish immigrants and free blacks. | 47 | |
| 1050661850 | Urban Middle Class | A small group within the urban areas. They were traders and professionals. The middle class enjoyed consumer items like furniture and large houses as well as indoor plumbing. They formed the backbone of clubs and societies. | 48 | |
| 1050661851 | Catherine and Mary Beecher | 1832 - Two sisters who established the Hartford Female Seminary which taught history and science as well as the traditional domestic arts and religion. They also created successful teacher training schools. | 49 | |
| 1050661852 | Declining birth rate in early 19th century America | second phase of demographic transition. By the dawn of the 20th century, fertility rates in the United States had undergone a century of steady decline. In 1800, white American females could expect to bear 7.0 children on average; by 1900, this number was 3.6.1 The factors behind the 19th century decline have been the subject of a lengthy literature highlighting the importance of intergenerational bequests, the economic value of children, and the cultural context for American family formation. | 50 | |
| 1050661853 | Family Planning | Providing information, clinical services, and contraceptives to help people choose the number and spacing of children they want to have. | 51 | |
| 1050661854 | Abortion in early 19th century America | The beginning of women deciding more on family planning. | 52 | |
| 1050661855 | Louisa May Alcott | Grew up in Concord, Massachusetts in the bosom of transcendentalism. Worked as a seamstress, governess, teacher and housemaid until her writing finally brought her success. Wrote "Little Women" | 53 | |
| 1050661856 | Irish Immigrants | In 1845, blights destroyed over a third of the potato crop of Ireland. This lead to a country-wide famine, causing over a million Irish Immigrants to relocate to America during 1847-1860.Most of the immigrants found jobs working on the Erie Canal | 54 | |
| 1050661857 | Anti-Catholic Sentiment in early 19th century | created by social tensions and industrialization; attacked Catholics and accused them of taking jobs and driving up wages | 55 | |
| 1050661858 | American German Immigrants | drove to the U.S because of scarce jobs, overpopulation, religious persecution and forced into military service for job and business opportunities, freedom of religion and land; could afford to move out west and were welcomed by Protestants; 20 % | 56 | |
| 1050661859 | Hispanics in early 19th century America | Became "immigrants" as expansion treaties made them part of the U.S. Treated as foreigners and second-class citizens in their homes. In California, their customs quickly gave way for American Culture. | 57 | |
| 1050661860 | Negro Convention Movement | 1830s - Early effort by blacks to fight for equal rights. Blacks would meet at the conventions to discuss oppression and the second class status of blacks in American society. | 58 | |
| 1050661861 | African American Dance | katherine-caribbean, upper torso; pearl-focused on racial issues; alvin- black experience in america lateral movement | 59 | |
| 1050661862 | Black Nationalism | This is the belief in separate identity and racial unity of the African American community or unity of all non white people. Malcolm X spent twelve years, after he was released from prison in 1952, spreading the general ideas about Black Nationalism. | 60 | |
| 1050661863 | Dorothea Dix | A reformer and pioneer in the movement to treat the insane as mentally ill, beginning in the 1820's, she was responsible for improving conditions in jails, poorhouses and insane asylums throughout the U.S. and Canada. She succeeded in persuading many states to assume responsibility for the care of the mentally ill. She served as the Superintendent of Nurses for the Union Army during the Civil War. | 61 | |
| 1050661864 | Second Great Awakening | A series of religious revivals starting in 1801, based on Methodism and Baptism. Stressed a religious philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for all Protestant sects. The revivals attracted women, Blacks, and Native Americans. It also had an effect on moral movements such as prison reform, the temperance movement, and moral reasoning against slavery. | 62 | |
| 1050661865 | Charles Finney | A leading evangelist of the Second Great Awakening, he preached that each person had capacity for spiritual rebirth and salvation and that through individual effort could be saved. His concept of "utility of benevolence" proposed the reformation of society as well as of individuals. | 63 | |
| 1050661866 | American Female Moral Reform Society | Organization founded in 1839 by female reformers that established homes of refuge for prostitutes and petitioned for state laws that would criminalize adultery and the seduction of women. | 64 | |
| 1050661867 | American Society for the Promotion of Temperance | An organization promoting the fight against over consumption of alcohol | 65 | |
| 1050661868 | Penitentiary Movement | prison reform movement. main idea that prison should make criminals feel penitence or sorrow for their crimes. Two types: Pennsylvania System: urged to repent while in solitary confinement. Auburn System: Prisoners worked in silence and slept alone. | 66 | |
| 1050661869 | Asylum Movement | reformers proposed setting up new public institutions such as state-supported prisons, mental hospitals, and poorhouses; hope was that the inmates of these institutions would be cured of their antisocial behavior by being treated to a disciplined pattern of life in some rural setting. Led by Dorothea Dix | 67 | |
| 1050661870 | American Colonization Society | 1817- est. by people worried of the impact of slavery and race on society. They argued slavery had to end, and Americans had to send black slaves back to Africa. Was a failure of a plan. Few planters freed their slaves, some blacks didn't want to leave even. America even bought land in Africa, Liberia, to place the slaves. Only six thousand slaves were transported. West coast of Africa. | 68 | |
| 1050661871 | William Lloyd Garrison | A militant abolitionist, he came editor of the Boston publication, The Liberator, in 1831. Under his leadership, The Liberator gained national fame and notoriety due to his quotable and inflammatory language, attacking everything from slave holders to moderate abolitionists, and advocating northern secession. | 69 | |
| 1050661872 | The Liberator | (1831-1865) Antislavery newspaper published by William Lloyd Garrison, who called for the immediate emancipation of all slaves. | 70 | |
| 1050661873 | Gradualists vs. Immediatists | gradualists - feared if moved too fast, attacked sinners too sharply or interfered aggressively with time-honored beliefs, would destroy order/harmony of peaceful reform, but still believed in emancipation immediatists - unwilling to compromise, demanded immediate emancipation; William Lloyd Garrison, Amos Phelps and Theodore Weld | 71 | |
| 1050661874 | Black abolitionists | escaped slaves and free blacks were outspoken and convincing, spoke about brutality and degradation of slavery, Douglass, Harriet Tubman, David Ruggles, Sojourner Truth, William Still, helped organize efforts to assist fugitive slaves escape to the North | 72 | |
| 1050661875 | American Anti-Slavery Society | Abolitionist society founded by William Lloyd Garrison, who advocated the immediate abolition of slavery. By 1838, the organization had more than 250,000 members across 1,350 chapters. | 73 | |
| 1050661876 | Elijah P. Lovejoy | Former Presbyterian minister; established a reform paper: St. Louis Observer; moved to Alton, IL. (Alton Observer); against slavery and injustices inflicted against blacks; is a martyr for the anti-slavery movement for he was killed by a mob in 1835. | 74 | |
| 1050661877 | Gag Rule | 1835 law passed by Southern congress which made it illegal to talk of abolition or anti-slavery arguments in Congress. | 75 | |
| 1050661878 | Women Abolitionists | White women came out of their domestic sphere to work against the enslavement of others. Black women spoke from their experience, bringing their story to audiences to elicit empathy and action. The two most famous black women were Sojourner Truth and Harriet Tubman. Frances Ellen Watkins Harper and Maria W. Stewart are not as well known, but both were respected writers and activists. | 76 | |
| 1050661879 | Angelina and Sarah Grimke | Daughters of a Prominent SC Slaveholder that were Antislavery; controversial because they spoke to audiences of both men and women at a time when it was thought indelicate to address male audiences; Women's rights advocates as well | 77 | |
| 1050661880 | Seneca Falls Declaration of Sentiments | The convention at Seneca Falls, New York, in July 1848, was organized by two Quaker women concerned about women's rights When a woman was denied a seat at an international antislavery meeting in London. This meeting attracted 240 people including forty men. Very little progress came from the Seneca Falls Declaration, although it would serve for the next seventy years as the goal for which the suffrage movement strove. | 78 |
