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| 9960190100 | Von Thunen's Model | Transportation costs (weight & distance) and land value determines where farmers must be in relation to the market |  | 0 |
| 9960190101 | Subsistence Farming | produces food that is needed to survive on a daily basis to a person, family or village |  | 1 |
| 9960190102 | Commercial Farming | farming of products for sale off the farm (mostly done in more developed countries, requires use of machinery) |  | 2 |
| 9960190103 | Breadbasket | US & Canadian prairies states, know for producing a lot of bread |  | 3 |
| 9960190104 | First Agricultural Revolution (Neolithic Revolution) | Took place 10,000 years ago in 8,000 BCE. Allowed humans to become more sedentary and avail themselves of a more reliable source of food (shift from being primarily hunting/gathering societies to ones that planted crops for food) - changed human history. |  | 4 |
| 9960190105 | Second Agriculture Revolution | Occurred during the Industrial Revolution during 1750-1850 in more developed world. Uses technology provided by the Industrial Revolution as means to increase production and distribution of products. |  | 5 |
| 9960190106 | Third Agricultural Revolution (Green Revolution) | (latter half of the 20th century) corresponded with exponential growth occurring around the world - also called the Green Revolution - involves the use of biotechnology (genetic engineering) and expanded use of fertilizers. |  | 6 |
| 9960190107 | Intensive Subsistence Agriculture | More intense style of subsistence farming (more work needed to obtain same level of production). Used in the developing world largely in parts of Asia. Maximizes every piece of land by double & triple cropping, and not wasting any land - no animal grazing. |  | 7 |
| 9960190108 | Green Revolution | involves the use of biotechnology (genetic engineering). Part of the third agricultural revolution. |  | 8 |
| 9960190109 | Mediterranean Agriculture | practiced in climate that has dry summer and cool, moist winter (grapes, dates, olives) - around Mediterranean Sea, parts of California and southern Australia |  | 9 |
| 9960190110 | Desertification | overgrazing of land led to encroaching deserts within arid regions (Southern Sahara regions have experienced loss of farmland to expanding desert) |  | 10 |
| 9960190111 | Transhumance | the action or practice of moving livestock from one grazing ground to another in a seasonal cycle, typically to lowlands in winter and highlands in summer. |  | 11 |
| 9960190112 | Double Cropping | harvesting of a crop twice in the same year to maximize land use |  | 12 |
| 9960190113 | Boserup Thesis | It states that agricultural methods and productivity of food depend on the size of the population. Indications: 1: if population increases, larger workforce so more food produced. 2: if population increases, mechanization occurs, more food produced as more effective means found of producing high yields of food through use of machinery. 3: if population increases, increased use of fertilizers results, so as to produce more food for the growing population. |  | 13 |
| 9960190114 | Shifting Cultivation | Slash and Burn agriculture - clear land of vegetation (usually by burning) and use land until nutrients in field are depleted (scars the landscape). Use of land only 2-3 years. Very damaging to the environment but used to support most of the world's people in the developing world |  | 14 |
| 9960190115 | Pastoral Nomadism | Involves moving animals on a seasonal basis to areas that have necessary vegetation & water to meet the needs of animals. Done in arid climates in North Africa and Central Asia. Mostly goats, sheep, camels. People survive off of the milk products of the animals & rarely meat products. |  | 15 |
| 9960190117 | agriculture | deliberate modification of the Earth's surface through the cultivation of plants and animals | 16 | |
| 9960190118 | crop | any plant cultivated by people | 17 | |
| 9960190119 | Hunter-Gatherer | Before the invention of agriculture-man obtained the food they needed by hunting animals and gathering available agricultural products. | 18 | |
| 9960190120 | Colombian Exchange | refers to a period of cultural and biological exchanges between the New and Old Worlds. Exchanges of plants, animals, diseases and technology transformed European and Native American ways of life. Beginning after Columbus' discovery in 1492 the exchange lasted throughout the years of expansion and discovery. | 19 | |
| 9960190121 | Enclosure Movement | was the legal process in England during the 18th century of enclosing a number of small landholdings to create one larger farm. Once enclosed, use of the land became restricted to the owner, and it ceased to be common land for communal use. | 20 | |
| 9960190123 | Food security | Exists when all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life | 21 | |
| 9960190125 | Swidden | A field created by slash-and-burn agriculture (involves the cutting and burning of plants in a forest or woodland) | 22 | |
| 9960190128 | Paddy or Sawah | A field flooded and used for growing wet rice. | 23 | |
| 9960190129 | crop rotation | the system of varying successive crops in a definite order on the same ground, especially to avoid depleting the soil and to control weeds, diseases, and pests. | 24 | |
| 9960190130 | plantation | Commercial agriculture largely in the developing world on which crops such as coffee, sugar, and tobacco are cultivated by resident labor. | 25 | |
| 9960190131 | agribusiness | Large scale agricultural production done in the developed world. Includes agrichemicals, breeding, crop production (farming and contract farming), distribution, farm machinery, processing, and seed supply, as well as marketing and retail sales. | 26 | |
| 9960190132 | Truck Farming | The production of some vegetable or fruits for sale/barter at the market | 27 | |
| 9960190135 | milkshed | The ring surrounding an urban area where milk can be supplied without spoiling | 28 | |
| 9960190136 | Winter Wheat | A wheat crop planted in the fall and harvested in the beginning of the summer. It is able to survive winter under a blanket of snow as it establishes roots before the winter comes. Common in warmer grain producing areas. | 29 | |
| 9960190138 | horticulture | growing of fruits, vegetables, flowers and tree crops. Common in Mediterranean farming. | 30 | |
| 9960190137 | Spring Wheat | Grain planted in the spring and harvested in the summer. Common in areas where winter is too harsh for winter wheat. | 31 | |
| 9960190139 | Ranching | Commercial grazing of livestock for meat over an extensive area. | 32 | |
| 9960190140 | Feedlot | an area or building where livestock are fed and fattened up | 33 | |
| 9960190142 | Cash Crops | Crops produced on a farm to be sold for profit. | 34 | |
| 9960190143 | Luxury Crops | Non-subsistence crops such as tea, cocoa, coffee, and tobacco. | 35 | |
| 9960190144 | Fallow | land plowed but left unplanted for a period in order to restore its fertility as part of a crop rotation or to avoid surplus production. | 36 | |
| 9960190145 | Aquaculture / aquafarming | the rearing of aquatic animals or the cultivation of aquatic plants for food. | 37 | |
| 9960190146 | Dr. Norman Borlaug | The Father of the Green Revolution / genetically modified agriculture. He received his Ph.D.in plants pathology and genetics from the University of Minnesota in 1942. In 1944 he was sent to Mexico as a plant pathologist in order to stop the "rust", a fungal disease affecting wheat leaves and grains. There, working in the fields with the farmers and the laborers, by taking wheat and cross-breeding it, he developed new seeds that yielded more and were more disease resistant. In the early 50's, the improved wheat seeds made Mexico self-sufficient. In the early 60's the improved wheat seeds were shipped to India. | 38 | |
| 9960190147 | Genetically Modified Foods | Foods produced from organisms that have had changes introduced into their DNA using the methods of genetic engineering. | 39 | |
| 9960190148 | Organic Agriculture | production of food without chemical fertilizers or pesticides. Sustains the health of soils, ecosystems and people. It relies on ecological processes, biodiversity and cycles adapted to local conditions. | 40 | |
| 9960190149 | Sustainable agriculture | agricultural practices that preserve and enhance environmental quality through the use of sensitive land management, limited use of chemicals and integration of crops and livestock. | 41 |
