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AP Human Geography Agriculture Flashcards

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6393480806AgribusinessSystem of food production involving everything from the development of the seeds to the marketing and sale of food products at the market.0
6393480807Cash CropsPlanting large amounts of profitable crops for mass production and sell.1
6393480808Commercial AgricultureAgriculture undertaken primarily to generate products for sale off the farm.2
6393480809Double CroppingPlanting and harvesting a crop on a field more than once a year.3
6393480810GMOsFoods that\have their genes altered in a laboratory for specific purposes, such as disease resistant, increased productivity, or nutrients value4
6393480811Intensive Subsistence FarmingA form of subsistence agriculture in which farmers must expend a relatively large amount of effort to produce the maximum feasible yield from a parcel of land.5
6393480812MonocultureDependence on a single agricultural commodity.6
6393480813MechanizationIn agriculture, the replacement of human labor with technology or machines.7
6393480814Market GardeningThe small scale production of fruits, vegetables, and flowers as cash crops sold directly to local consumers.8
6393480815Primary EconomyAny economic activity pertaining to the collecting, harvesting, and obtaining of raw materials.9
6393480816Plantation AgricultureRaising a large amount of a 'cash crop' for local sale or export.10
6393480818Sustainable YieldRate of crop production that can be maintained over time.11
6393480819TranshumanceMovement of animal herd to cooler highland areas in the summer to warmer lowland areas in the winter.12
6393480820Von Thunen ModelTheory that a commercial farmer wull decide which crops to grow and which livestock to raise depending on the proximity to market.13
6393480821Green RevolutionAn outgrowth of the 3rd agricultural revolution, this effort began in the 1940s and developed new strains of hybrid seeds and fertilizers that dramatically increased the crop output possible from each farm.14
6393480822Examples of Primary Economic ActivitiesRaising livestock, Mining Quarrying Crude oil extraction Lumbering Wheat growing Cotton15
6393480823Examples of Secondary Economic ActivitiesMilk, Cheese Diamonds Petroleum Furniture Bread Beer Textiles16
6393480824Examples of Tertiary Economic ActivitiesCorporations Doctors Attorneys Tourism Scientists17
6393480826Mixed livestock and grainRaise domesticated animals and growing feed18
6393480828Mediterranean AgricultureAn agricultural system practiced in the Mediterranean-style climates of Western Europe, California, and portions of Chile and Australia, in which diverse specialty crops such as grapes, avocados,19
6393480830Intertillagethe clearing of rows in the field through the use of hoes, rakes, & other manual equipment20
6393480831Truck FarmsFarm where farmers produce fruits for the market Use mechanization to produce large quantities of fruits and veggies21
6393480832Staple Grainswheat, barley, rye, maize, or rice; potatoes, yams, taro, arrowroot, or cassava22
6393480833Adaptive Strategiesthe unique way in which each culture uses its particular physical environment; those aspects of culture that serve to provide the necessities of life- food, clothing, shelter, and defense.23
6393480834Agrarianrelating to land; relating to the management or farming of land24
6393480835Agricultural IndustrializationThe use of machinery in agriculture, like tractors etc. - makes it easier for farmers to have higher crop yields.25
6393480836Agricultural LandscapeThe land that we farm on and what we choose to put were on our fields.26
6393480838AquacultureRaising marine and freshwater fish in ponds and underwater cages27
6393480839Biorevolutionthe genetic engineering of plants and animals with the potential to exceed the productivity of the Green Revolution28
6393480840BiotechnologyA form of technology that uses living organisms, usually genes, to modify products, to make or modify plants and animals, or to develop other microorganisms for specific purposes.29
6393480842Collective Farma farm or group of farms run by the government, as in a communist state30
6393480844Dairy Farmsspecialized in dairy products, N. America, Europe, NOT Africa, South America, Asia31
6393480846DesertificationDegradation of land, especially in semiarid areas, primarily because of human actions like excessive crop planting, animal grazing, and tree cutting.32
6393480847Dispersed (Rural Settlement Type)characteristics of the contemporary North American rural landscape, by farmers living on individual farms isolated from neighbors rather than alongside other farmers.33
6393480848Extensive Commercial AgricultureA crop or livestock system in which land quality or extent is more important than capital or labor inputs in determining output34
6393480849Extractive Industryprimary activities involving the mining and quarrying of nonrenewable metallic and nonmetallic mineral resources35
6393480851Feedlota plot of land on which livestock are fattened for market36
6393480852Food ChainA series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten37
6393480853Food DesertAn area in a developed country where healthy food is difficult to obtain38
6393480855Globalized Agriculturesystem of food production increasingly dependent upon an economy and set of regulatory practices that are global in scope and organization39
6393480857Hunting and Gatheringthe killing of wild animals and fish as well as the gathering of fruits, roots, nuts, and other plants for sustenance40
6393480858Intensive Commercial AgricultureIntensive farming in a commercial economy, crops have high yields and market value41
6393480859Livestock Ranchingan extensive commercial agricultural activity that involves the raising of livestock over vast geographic spaces typically located in semi-arid climates like the American West42
6393480860Long-Lot Survey SystemA distinct regional approach to land surveying whereby land is divided into narrow parcels stretching back from rivers, roads, or canals43
6393480861Luxury CropsNon-subsistence crops such as tea, cacao, coffee, and tobacco44
6393480863PastoralismA type of agricultural activity based on nomadic animal husbandry or the raising of livestock to provide food, clothing, and shelter.45
6393480864Nucleated( Rural Settlement System)clustered settlement is one of the main types of settlement pattern. It is one of the terms used by geographers and landscape historians to classify settlements46
6393480865Organic AgricultureApproach to farming and ranching that avoids the use of herbicides, pesticides, growth hormones, and other similar synthetic inputs.47
6393480866PesticidesChemicals used on plants that do not harm the plants, but kill pests and have negative repercussions on other species who ingest the chemicals.48
6393480867Planned Economya system of production of goods and services, usually consumed or distributed by a governmental agency, in quantities, at prices, and in locations determined by governmental program49
6393480868Plant Domesticationgenetic modification of a plant such that its reproductive success depends on human intervention50
6393480869Primogenitureright of inheritance belongs exclusively to the eldest son right of inheritance belongs exclusively to the eldest son51
6393480870Quaternary Economic Activitiesservice sector industries concerned with the collection, processing, and manipulation of information and capital. Examples include finance, administration, insurance, and legal services.52
6393480871Quinary Economic Activitiesservice sector industries that require a high level of specialized knowledge or technical skill. Examples include scientific research and high-level management.53
6393480872Rectangular Survey SystemA system used to divide public domain lands in the United States in which land is divided into 6-mile square townships and subdivided into sections, portions of sections, or irregular lots.54
6393480873Root Cropscrop that is reproduced by cultivating the roots of or the cuttings from the plants55
6393480874Carl SauerDefined the concept of cultural landscape as the fundamental unit of geographical analysis.56
63934808752nd Agriculture RevolutionInnovations led to agricultural surpluses, food surpluses, let people move from farms to factories, growth of cities increased.57
6393480876Secondary Economic Activityeconomic activity involving the processing of raw materials and their transformation into finished industrial products; the manufacturing sector58
6393480877Seed Cropscrop that is reproduced by cultivating the seeds of the plants. crop that is reproduced by cultivating the seeds of the plants.59
6393480878SpecializationThe concentration of the productive efforts of individuals and firms on a limited number of activities60
6393480879Slash and Burn Agriculturea farming technique in which trees are cut down and burned to clear and fertilize the land61
6393480880SwiddenLand that is prepared for agriculture by using the slash and burn method.62
6393480881Tertiary Economic Activityeconomic activity associated with the provision of services--such transportation, banking, retailing, education, and routine office-based jobs.63
6393480882Township and Range SystemA rectangular land division scheme designed by Thomas Jefferson to disperse settlers evenly across farmlands of the U.S. interior.64
6393480883Third Agriculture Revolution'green revolution' rapid diffusion of new ag techniques between 1970's and 1980's, especially new high-yield seeds and fertilizers65
6393480884Village Form (Rural Settlement Type)a number of families live in close proximity to each other, with fields surrounding the collection of houses and farm buildings66
6393480885Soil Erosionthe wearing away and removal of rock and soil particles from exposed surfaces by agents such as moving water, wind, or ice67

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