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| 9843374341 | Animal Husbandry | An agricultural activity associated with the raising of domesticated animals, such as cattle, horses, sheep, and goats. | 0 | |
| 9843374342 | Cash Cropping | Planting large amounts of profitable crops for mass production and sell. | 1 | |
| 9843374343 | Corporate Agriculture (Agribusiness) | System of food production involving everything from the development of the seeds to the marketing and sale of food products at the market. | 2 | |
| 9843374344 | Commercial Crops | A crop grown for direct sale rather than for livestock feed. | 3 | |
| 9843374345 | Domestication of Plants | Domesticating plants for human use, one of the first steps to a full fledged agricultural economy. | 4 | |
| 9843374346 | Double Cropping | Planting and harvesting a crop on a field more than once a year. | 5 | |
| 9843374347 | Fallow | When farmers grow crops in a clear field for only a few years until the soil nutrients are depleted. The farmers then have the soul empty for a few years so the nutrients in the soil can be restored; uncropped land. | 6 | |
| 9843374348 | GMOs | Foods that are mostly products or organisms that have their genes altered in a laboratory for specific purposes, such as disease resistant, increased productivity, or nutrients value; Genetically Modified Organisms. | 7 | |
| 9843374349 | Intensive Farming | Subsistence agriculture in which farmers must expend a relative large amount of effort to produce the maximum feasible yield from a pared of land. | 8 | |
| 9843374350 | Labor-intensive Crops | Includes fruits, garden vegetables, herbs, and anything requiring constant tending or wielding. | 9 | |
| 9843374351 | Labor-intensive Animals | Animals that require constant tending, includes dairy cow and poultry for eggs. | 10 | |
| 9843374352 | Monoculture | Dependence on a single agricultural commodity. | 11 | |
| 9843374353 | Mechanization | In agriculture, the replacement of human labor with technology or machines. | 12 | |
| 9843374354 | Market Gardens | Small scale production of fruits, vegetables, and flowers as cash crops sold directly to local consumers, Distinguishable by the large diversity of crops grown on a small area of land, during a single growing season. Labor is done manually. | 13 | |
| 9843374355 | Primary Economy | Any economic activity pertaining to the collecting, harvesting, and obtaining of raw materials. | 14 | |
| 9843374356 | Plantation Agriculture | Raising a large amount of a 'cash crop' for local sale or export. | 15 | |
| 9843374357 | Suitcase Farmers | A suitcase farm is a farm in which no one reside permanently, they go against the grain of traditional farming. In the US migrant workers provide a cheap, abundant labor source; they work on the farm during the day and leave at night. There is no residence on the site. | 16 | |
| 9843374358 | Spring Wheat | Wheat planted in the spring and harvested in the late summer. | 17 | |
| 9843374359 | Sustainable Yield | Rate of crop production that can be maintained over time. | 18 | |
| 9843374360 | Transhumance | Movement of animal herd to cooler highland areas in the summer to warmer lowland areas in the winter. | 19 | |
| 9843374361 | Winter Wheat | Wheat plated in the fall and harvested in the early summer. | 20 | |
| 9843374362 | Von Thunen Model | Theory that a commercial farmer will decide which crops to grow and which livestock to raise depending on the proximity to market. |  | 21 |
| 9843374363 | Green Revolution | An outgrowth of the 3rd agricultural revolution, this effort began in the 1940s and developed new strains of hybrid seeds and fertilizers that dramatically increased the crop output possible from each farm. | 22 | |
| 9843374364 | Communes | A group of people living together and sharing processions. | 23 | |
| 9843374365 | SE Asia domesticated what? | Yams, Taro Root, Bananas, palm oil, cattle, sheep, goats | 24 | |
| 9843374366 | Western Africa domesticated what? | Millet(China), Sorghum | 25 | |
| 9843374367 | S. Mexico domesticated what? | squash, beans, cotton, Maize(Corn), | 26 | |
| 9843374368 | SW Asia domesticated what? | Wheat, Barley, Rice(India) | 27 | |
| 9843374369 | 1st Agric Revo Location | Nile River Valley/Fertile Crescent | 28 | |
| 9843374370 | 1st Agric Revo Change | Nomadic herders to sedentary lifestyle and intentional farming | 29 | |
| 9843374371 | 1st Agric Revo Impact | Birth of civilization Birth of urban areas Birth of government Birth of class structures(social stratified) Before this egalitarian Created irrigation Created farmers,slaves, government officials, merchants Surplus of food Led to writing Began trading which led to system of defense Towns located on high ground(acropolis) and water | 30 | |
| 9843374372 | 2nd Agric Revo Location | England, Denmark, Netherlands | 31 | |
| 9843374373 | 2nd Agric Revo Sustained by... | Mechanical reaper Combustible engine Seed drill Railroad Refrigeration Artificial feed New banking practices | 32 | |
| 9843374374 | 2nd Agric Revo Before I.R | Improved methods Improved plows and draft-animals (Leesdale and ox) New crops Potato and Corn since both can be grown in marginalized land(Not-so fertile land) Government policies British Enclosure Act Crop rotation and consolidated/fenced off land In same year and plot, rotate crops to maintain soil fertility Improved soil fertility Canals | 33 | |
| 9843374375 | 3rd Agric Revo Defintion | new strains with higher yields through genetic manipulation to increase yield through the use of herbicides and fertilizers | 34 | |
| 9843374376 | How to increase GMOs | 1. Purchase artificial fertilizer Chemicals 2. Irrigation system 3. Purchase herbicides/pesticides 4. Purchase machines to keep up with production 5. Need a receptive environment 6. Need receptive commodity markets 7. Barriers to implementation Poor, unreceptive environment river water | 35 | |
| 9843374377 | Shifting Cultivation Location | Subtropics and Tropics | 36 | |
| 9843374378 | Shifting Cultivation Steps and Characteristics | Steps: Clear land Plant land Fallow(not planting anything so soil can replenish itself) Come back to land when it is full of nutrients Characteristics: Low quality land Low population density | 37 | |
| 9843374379 | Slash-and-Burn is also know as | Patch agriculture Milpa(Yucatan peninsula) Swidden(Indonesia) Chitemene (Nambia) Ladang(Old english meaning to farm) | 38 | |
| 9843374380 | Nomadism | Dry Areas Same climate as livestock ranching(commercial farms in MDCs) Marginalized land | 39 | |
| 9843374381 | Commercial Farming Positives | Increase yield Keeps food costs low | 40 | |
| 9843374382 | Commercial Farming Negatives | Use of chemicals Human health Younger age of puberty Cancer increase Environment Rainforest destruction Desertification Rise in sustainably sourced farming Local and organic Blue zone where business collaborate to show thi | 41 | |
| 9843374383 | Livestock Ranching | Raising of domesticated animals for food or items like leather Climate: Dry Growing industry As countries develop, meat eating increases Standard of living increases Not near market Bulk-reducing industry | 42 | |
| 9843374384 | Dairying | Climate: Cold Perishable Area surrounding dairying is milk shed Closer to market North Latitude Bulk-gaining Bottling fluid | 43 | |
| 9843374385 | Mixed livestock and grain | Raise domesticated animals and growing feed | 44 | |
| 9843374386 | Commercial Grain Farming | Wheat belt Bread-basket US Corn belt | 45 | |
| 9843374387 | Market Gardening | Items people garden Near market since items are perishable Suitcase farms Rely on migrant labor | 46 | |
| 9843374388 | Mediterranean | Dry summers High rainfall needed France, Spain, Greece, North Africa, Australia, Chile, California Produce grapes, citrus, etc. Wine production | 47 | |
| 9843374389 | Plantation farming | Tropics In LDCs Owned by MDCs Cash crops | 48 | |
| 9843374390 | Cash Crop Examples | Worldwide Cotton Rubber Amazon Rice India Sugar from Caribbean | 49 | |
| 9843374391 | Coffee | Ethiopian Origin US #1 consumer Central America and Africa produce it | 50 | |
| 9843374392 | Tea | Most production in Asia China British own most tea plantations | 51 | |
| 9843374393 | Illegal Drugs | Marijuana, Poppy seeds Core are demanders Periphery grows them Takes processing | 52 | |
| 9843374394 | What two factors influenced Von Thunen model? | Perishability and Transport Costs | 53 | |
| 9843374395 | Von Thunen ring outside city(1) | Market gardening/dairying/feedlot Feedlots fatten livestock before slaughter Skinny before sent near market | 54 | |
| 9843374396 | Von Thunen ring (2) | Forestry and growing feed grains Wood: Fuel and building materials Feed: Food for livestock | 55 | |
| 9843374397 | Von Thunen ring (3) | Food grains and cash crops | 56 | |
| 9843374398 | Von Thunen ring (4) | Livestock ranching Low land cost and marginalized land | 57 | |
| 9843374399 | Von Thunen assumptions | Flat terrain---Similar climate/soil---no barriers to transportation | 58 | |
| 9843374400 | Von Thunen factors that decrease the model | Refrigeration Food preservation Global markets/corporate decision making New alternatives for fuel New ways grains are used | 59 | |
| 9843374401 | Horizontal integration | Companies buy out companies Allows for them to set prices No quality for consumers Aka Monopoly Laws created in 1900s that makes monopoly illegal Multiple like industries | 60 | |
| 9843374402 | Vertical integration | One industry that eliminates the middleman Control supply chain Food is homogenous Farm production becomes aggregated Create more commercial agricultural No more small farms Harmful effects on people and environment | 61 | |
| 9843374403 | Double cropping | Harvesting twice in one year Employ crop rotation | 62 | |
| 9843374404 | Triple cropping | Harvesting 3 times in one year Employ crop rotation | 63 | |
| 9843374405 | Vertical farming | Urban, crowded, squatter areas Takes up less space | 64 | |
| 9843374406 | Agrarian-based society | Based on agriculture Mesopotamian, River valley, Primary sectors | 65 | |
| 9843374407 | Animal husbandry | Care of domesticated animals | 66 | |
| 9843374408 | Open-lot farming | Type of subsistence farming Village farms the land Ejiado | 67 | |
| 9843374409 | Subsistence crop | Food crops used only by family or local market trading | 68 | |
| 9843374410 | Organic Farming | o extracts farmers from big corporations o environmental=reduce synthetic chemicals in soil/water farming and ranching without the use of herbicides, pesticides, growth hormones, and other synthetic inputs. o sold in 54% of US grocery store | 69 | |
| 9843374411 | Truck Farms | Farm where farmers produce fruits for the market Use mechanization to produce large quantities of fruits and veggies | 70 | |
| 9843374412 | Staple Grains | wheat, barley, rye, maize, or rice; potatoes, yams, taro, arrowroot, or cassava | 71 | |
| 9843399352 | agribusiness | commercial agriculture characterized by the integration of different steps in the food-processing industry, usually through ownership of large corporations. | 72 | |
| 9843425294 | Agriculture | the deliberate effort to modify a portion of the Earth's surface through the cultivation of crops and the raising of livestock for sustenance or economic gain. | 73 | |
| 9843438176 | Aquaculture | The cultivation of seafood under controlled conditions. | 74 | |
| 9843442688 | Biotechnology | the branch of engineering science in which biological science is used to study the relation between workers and their environments | 75 | |
| 9843453667 | Boserup hypothesis | Population growth compels subsistence farmers to consider new farming approaches that produce enough food to take care of the additional people. | 76 | |
| 9843460220 | Carl Sauer | Geographer from the University of California at Berkeley who defined the concept of cultural landscape as the fundamental unit of graphical analysis. This landscape results from interaction between and the physical environment. Sauer argued that virtually no land escaped alteration by human activities. | 77 | |
| 9843467011 | Commodity Chain | series of links connecting the many places of production and distribution and resulting in a commodity that is on world market | 78 | |
| 9843476666 | Crop Rotation | The practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year, to avoid exhausting the soil. | 79 | |
| 9843739882 | Domestication | the process of changing plants or animals to make them more useful to humans | 80 | |
| 9843746368 | Feedlot | a building where livestock are fattened for market | 81 | |
| 9843748434 | Horticulture | the cultivation of plants | 82 | |
| 9843750659 | Intertillage | the clearing of rows in the field through the use of hoes, rakes, & other manual equipment | 83 | |
| 9843755186 | Thomas Malthus | an English economist who argued that increases in population would outgrow increases in the means of subsistence (1766-1834) | 84 | |
| 9843757285 | "Tragedy Of The Commons" | situation in which people acting individually and in their own interest use up commonly available but limited resources, creating disaster for the entire community | 85 | |
| 9843764675 | Sustainable Agriculture | Farming methods that preserve long-term productivity of land and minimize pollution, typically by rotating soil- restoring crops with cash crops and reducing in-puts of fertilizer and pesticides. | 86 | |
| 9843766705 | Subsidy | a government payment that supports a business or market | 87 | |
| 9843770846 | Slash-And-Burn (Swidden) | farmers clear land for planting by slashing vegetation and burning the debris. Swidden is the cleared area that is known by a variety of names in different regions (swidden is the name in one specific region). | 88 |
