AP Human Geography: People, Place and Culture
Chapters 11-13
Terms : Hide Images
| 820149480 | Agribusiness | General term for the businesses that provide the vast array of goods and services that support the agriculture industry | 0 | |
| 820149481 | Agriculture | The purposeful tending of crops and livestock in order to produce food and fiber | 1 | |
| 820149482 | Animal Domestication | Genetic modification of an animal such that it is rendered more amenable to human control | 2 | |
| 820149483 | Climatic Regions | Areas of the world with similar climatic characteristics | 3 | |
| 820149484 | Commercial Agriculture | Term used to describe large scale farming and ranching operations that employ vast land bases, large mechanized equipment, factory-type labor forces, and the latest technology. | 4 | |
| 820149485 | First Agricultural Revolution | Dating back 10,000 years, the First Agricultural Revolution achieved plant domestication and animal domestication | 5 | |
| 820149486 | Genetically Modified Organisms GMOs | Crops that carry new traits that have been inserted through advanced genetic engineering methods | 6 | |
| 820149487 | Green Revolution | The recently successful development of higher- yield, fast-growing varieties of rice and other cereals in certain developing countries, which led to increased production per unit area and a dramatic narrowing of the gap between population growth and food needs. | 7 | |
| 820149488 | Köppen Climatic Classification System | Developed by Wladimir Koppen, a system for classifying the world's climates on the basis of temperature and precipitatiion | 8 | |
| 820149489 | Livestock Ranching | The raising of domesticated animals for the production of meat and other byproducts such as leather and wool | 9 | |
| 820149490 | Long-lot Survey System | Distinct regional approach to land surveying found in the Canadian Maritimes, parts of Quebec, Louisiana, and Texas whereby land is divided into narrow parcels stretching back from rivers, roads, or canals. | 10 | |
| 820149491 | Luxury Crops | Non-subsistence crops such as tea, cacao, coffee, and tobacco | 11 | |
| 820149492 | Mediterranean Agriculture | Specialized farming that occurs only in areas where the dry-summer Mediterranean climate prevails | 12 | |
| 820149493 | Metes and Bounds System | A system of land surveying east of the Appalachian Mountains. It is a system that relies on descriptions of land ownership and natural features such as streams or trees. Because of the imprecise nature of metes and bounds surveying, the U.S. Land Office Survey abandoned the technique in favor of the rectangular survey system. | 13 | |
| 820149494 | Monoculture | Dependence on a single agricultural commodity | 14 | |
| 820149495 | Organic Agriculture | Approach to farming and ranching that avoids the use of herbicides, pesticides, growth hormones, and other similar synthetic inputs. | 15 | |
| 820149496 | Plant Domestication | Genetic modification of a plant such that its reproductive success depends on human intervention. | 16 | |
| 820149497 | Plantation Agriculture | Production system based on a large estate owned by an individual, family, or corporation and organized to produce a cash crop. Almost all plantations were established within the tropics; in recent decades, many have been divided into smaller holdings or reorganized as cooperatives | 17 | |
| 820149498 | Primary Economic Activity | Economic activity concerned with the direct extraction of natural resources from the environment-- such as mining, fishing, lumbering, and especially agriculture | 18 | |
| 820149499 | Primogeniture | System where the eldest son in a family, or in exceptional cases, a daughter inherits all of the parent's land | 19 | |
| 820149500 | Quaternary Economic Activity | Service sector industries concerned with the collection, processing, and manipulation of information and capital. Examples include finance, administration, insurance, and legal services. | 20 | |
| 820149501 | Quinary Economic Activity | Service sector industries that require a high level of specialized knowledge or technical skill. Examples include scientific research and high-level management | 21 | |
| 820149502 | Rectangular Survey System | Also called the Public Land Survey, the system was used by the US Land Office Survey to parcel land west of the Appalachian Mountains. The system divides land into a series of rectangular parcels. | 22 | |
| 820149503 | Root Crops | Crop that is reproduced by cultivating the roots of or the cuttings from the plants | 23 | |
| 820149504 | Second Agricultural Revolution | Dovetailing with and benefiting from the Industrial Revolution, the Second Agricultural Revolution witnessed improved methods of cultivation, harvesting, and storage of farm produce. | 24 | |
| 820149505 | Secondary Economic Activity | Economic activity involving the processing of raw materials and their transformation into finished industrial products; the manufacturing sector. | 25 | |
| 820149506 | Seed Crops | Crop that is reproduced by cultivating the seeds of the plants | 26 | |
| 820149507 | Shifting Cultivation | Cultivation of crops in tropical forest clearings in which the forest vegetation has been removed by cutting and burning. These clearings are usually abandoned after a few years in favor of newly cleared forestland. Also known as slash-and-burn agriculture. | 27 | |
| 820149508 | Slash-and-Burn Agriculture | Another name for shifting cultivation, so named because fields are cleared by slashing the vegetation and burning the debris. | 28 | |
| 820149509 | Subsistence Agriculture | Self-sufficient agriculture that is small scale and low technology and emphasizes food production for local consumption, not for trade. | 29 | |
| 820149510 | Tertiary Economic Activity | Economic activity associated with the provision of services - such as transportation, banking, retailing, education, and routine office-based jobs. | 30 | |
| 820149511 | Third Agricultural Revolution | Currently in progress, the Third Agricultural Revolution has as its principal orientation the development of Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO's) | 31 | |
| 820149512 | Von Thünen Model | A model that explains the location of agricultureal activities in a commercial, profit-making economy. A process of spatial competition allocates various farming activities into rings around a central market city, with profit-earning capability the determining force in how far a crop locates from the market | 32 | |
| 820149513 | Township- and Range- System | A rectangular land division scheme designed by Thomas Jefferson to disperse settlers evenly across farmlands of the U.S. interior. | 33 | |
| 820341107 | Agglomeration | A process involving the clustering or concentrating of people or activities. The term often refers to manufacturing plants and businesses that benefit from close proximity because they share skilled-labor pools and technological and financial amenities. | 34 | |
| 820341108 | Break-of-Bulk Point | A location along a transport route where goods must be transferred from one carrier to another. In a port, the cargoes of oceangoing ships are unloaded and put on trains, trucks, or perhaps smaller riverboats for inland distribution. | 35 | |
| 820341109 | Deglomeration | The process of industrial deconcentration in response to technological advances and/or increasing costs due to congestion and competition. | 36 | |
| 820341110 | Deindustrialization | Process by which companies move industrial jobs to other regions with cheaper labor, leaving the newly deindustrialized region to switch to a service economy and to work through a period of high unemployment. | 37 | |
| 820341111 | Distance Decay | The effects of distance on interaction, generally the greater the distance the less interaction | 38 | |
| 820341112 | Fordist | A highly organized and specialized system for organizing industrial production and labor. Named after automobile producer Henry Ford. Its production features assembly-line production of standardized components for mass consumption. | 39 | |
| 820341113 | Friction of Distance | The increase in time and cost that usually comes with increasing distance. | 40 | |
| 820341114 | Global Division of Labor | Phenomenon whereby corporations and others can draw from labor markets around the world, make possible by the compression of time and space through innovation in communication and transportation systems | 41 | |
| 820341115 | Industrial Revolution | The term applied to the social and economic changes in agriculture, commerce and manufacturing that resulted from technological innovations and specialization in late-eighteenth-century Europe. | 42 | |
| 820341116 | Intermodal Connection | Places where 2 or more modes of transportation meet (including air, road, rail, barge, and ship) | 43 | |
| 820341117 | Just-in-Time Delivery | Method of inventory management made possible by efficient transportation and communication systems, whereby companies keep on hand just what they need for near-term production, planning that what they need for longer-term production will arrive when needed. | 44 | |
| 820341118 | Least Cost Theory | Model developed by Alfred Weber according to which the location of manufacturing establishments is determined by the minimization of three critical expenses: labor, transportation, and agglomeration. | 45 | |
| 820341119 | Location Theory | A logical attempt to explain the locational pattern of an economic activity and the manner in which its producing areas are interrelated. | 46 | |
| 820341120 | Locational Interdependence | Theory developed by economist Harold Hotelling that suggests competitors, in trying to maximize sales, will seek to constrain each other's territory as much as possible which will therefore lead them to locate adjacent to one another in the middle of their collective customer base. | 47 | |
| 820341121 | Offshore | With reference to production, to outsource to a third party located outside of the country. | 48 | |
| 820341122 | Outsourced | With reference to production, to turn over in part or in total to a third party. | 49 | |
| 820341123 | Post-Fordist | World economic system characterized by a more flexible set of production practices in which goods are not mass produced; instead, production has been accelerated and dispersed around the globe by multinational companies that shift production, outsourcing it around the world and bringing places closer together in time and space than would have been imaginable at the beginning of the 20th century | 50 | |
| 820341124 | Primary Industrial Regions | Western and Central Europe; Eastern North America; Russia and Ukrane; and Eastern Asia, each of which consists of one or more core areas of industrial development with subsidiary clusters | 51 | |
| 820341125 | Sunbelt | The South and southwest regions of the united states | 52 | |
| 820341126 | Technopole | Centers or nodes of high-technology research and activity around which a high-technology corridor is sometimes established. | 53 | |
| 820341127 | Variable Costs | Costs that change directly with the amount of production (e.g. energy supply and labor costs). | 54 | |
| 820459905 | Acid Rain | A growing environmental peril whereby acidified rainwater severely damages plant and animal life; caused by the oxides of sulfur and nitrogen that are released into the atmosphere when coal, oil, and natural gas are burned, especially in major manufacturing zones. | 55 | |
| 820459906 | Aquifers | Subterranean, porous, water-holding rocks that provide millions of wells with steady flows of water. | 56 | |
| 820459907 | Atmosphere | Blanket of gases surrounding the Earth and located some 350 miles above the Earth's surface | 57 | |
| 820459908 | Biodiversity | The total variety of plant and animal species in a particular place | 58 | |
| 820459909 | Chlorofluorocarbons | Synthetic Organic compounds first created in the 1950's and used primarily as refrigerants and as propellants. The role of Chlorofluorocarbons in the destruction of the ozone layer led to the signing of an international agreement (the Montreal Protocol) | 59 | |
| 820459910 | Deforestation | The clearing and destruction of forests to harvest wood for consumption, clear land for agricultural uses, and make way for expanding settlement frontiers. | 60 | |
| 820459911 | Environmental Stress | The threat to environmental security by human activity such as atmospheric and groundwater pollution, deforestation, oil spills, and ocean dumping. | 61 | |
| 820459912 | Glaciation | A period of global cooling during which continental ice sheets and mountain glaciers expand. | 62 | |
| 820459913 | Global Warming | Theory that the Earth is gradually warming as a result of an enhanced greenhouse effect in the Earth's atmosphere caused by ever-increasing amounts of carbon dioxide produced by various human activities. | 63 | |
| 820459914 | Holocene | The current interglaciation period, extending from 10,000 years ago to the present on the geologic time scale. | 64 | |
| 820459915 | Hydrologic Cycle | The system of exchange involving water in its various forms as it continually circulates among the atmosphere, the oceans, and above and below the land surface. | 65 | |
| 820459916 | Interglaciation | Sustained warming phase between glaciations during an ice age. | 66 | |
| 820459917 | Little Ice Age | Temporary but significant cooling period between the fourteenth and the nineteenth centuries; accompanied by wide temperature fluctuations, droughts, and storms, causing famines and dislocation. | 67 | |
| 820459918 | Mass Depletions | Loss of diversity through a failure to produce new species. | 68 | |
| 820459919 | Mass Extinctions | Mass destruction of most species. | 69 | |
| 820459920 | Montreal Protocol | An international agreement signed in 1987 by 105 countries and the European Community (now European Union). The protocol called for a reduction in the production and consumption of CFCs of 50 percent by 2000. Subsequent meetings in London (1990) and Copenhagen (1992) accelerated the timing of CFC phaseout, and a worldwide complete ban has been in effect since 1996. | 70 | |
| 820459921 | Oxygen Cycle | Cycle whereby natural processes and human activity consume atmospheric oxygen and produce carbon dioxide and the Earth's forests and other flora, through photosynthesis, consume carbon dioxide and produce oxygen. | 71 | |
| 820459922 | Ozone Layer | The layer in the upper atmosphere located between 30 and 45 km above the Earth's surface where stratospheric ozone is most densely concentrated. Acts as a filter for the Sun's harmful UV rays | 72 | |
| 820459923 | Pacific Ring of Fire | Ocean-girdling zone of crustal instability, volcanism, and earthquakes resulting from the tectonic activity along plate boundaries in the region. | 73 | |
| 820459924 | Pangaea | The primeval supercontinent, hypothesized by Alfred Wegner, that broke apart and formed the continents and oceans as we know them today; consisted of two parts- a northern Laurasia and a southern Gondwana. | 74 | |
| 820459925 | Photosynthesis | The formation of carbohydrates in living plants from water and carbon dioxide, through the action of sunlight on chlorophyll in those plants, including algae | 75 | |
| 820459926 | Pleistocene | The most recent epoch of the late cenozoic ice age, beginning about 1.8 million years ago and marked by as many as 20 glaciations and interglaciations of which the current warm phase, the holocene epoch, has witnessed the rise of human civilization | 76 | |
| 820459927 | Radioactive Waste | Hazardous-waste-emitting radiation from nuclear power plants, nuclear weapons factories, and nuclear equipment in hospitals and industry. | 77 | |
| 820459928 | Renewable sources | Sources of energy able to be replaced through ongoing natural processes | 78 | |
| 820459929 | Sanitary Landsfills | Disposal sites for non-hazardous solid waste that is spread in layers and compacted to the smallest practical volume. | 79 | |
| 820459930 | Soil Erosion | The wearing away of the land surface by wind and moving water. | 80 | |
| 820459931 | Solid Waste | Non-liquid, non-soluble materials ranging from municipal garbage to sewage sludge; agricultural refuse; and mining residues. | 81 | |
| 820459932 | Toxic Waste | Hazardous waste causing danger from chemicals and infectious organisms | 82 | |
| 820459933 | Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone layer | The first international convention aimed at addressing the issue of ozone depletion. Held in 1985, the Vienna Convention was the predecessor to the Montreal Protocol. | 83 | |
| 820459934 | Wisonconsinian Glaciation | The most recent glacial period of the Pleistocene, enduring about 100,000 years and giving way, beginning about 18,000 years ago, to the current interglacial, the Holocene. | 84 |
