AP Human Geography: People, Place and Culture
Chapters 4-7
Terms : Hide Images
| 817824145 | Authenticity | In the context of local cultures or customs, the accuracy with which a single stereotypical or typecast image or experience conveys an otherwise dynamic and complex local culture or its customs | 0 | |
| 817824146 | Commodification | The process through which something is given monetary value. Occurs when a good or idea that previously was not regarded as an object to be bought and sold is turned into something that has a particular price and that can be traded in a market economy | 1 | |
| 817824147 | Culture appropriation | The process by which cultures adopt customs and knowledge from other cultures and use them for their own benefit | 2 | |
| 817824148 | Cultural landscape | The visible imprint of human activity and culture on the landscape. The layers of buildings, forms, and artifacts sequentially imprinted on the landscape by the activities of various human occupants | 3 | |
| 817824149 | Culture | The sum total of the knowledge, attitudes, and habitual behavior patterns shared and transmitted by the members of a society. | 4 | |
| 817824150 | Custom | Practice routinely followed by a group of people | 5 | |
| 817824151 | Diffusion routes | The spatial trajectory through which cultural traits or other phenomena spread | 6 | |
| 817824152 | Distance Decay | The effects of distance on interaction, generally the greater the distance the less interaction | 7 | |
| 817824153 | Ethnic neighborhood | Neighborhood, typically situated in a larger metropolitan city and constructed by or comprised of a local culture, in which a local culture can practice its customs | 8 | |
| 817824154 | Folk culture | Cultural traits such as dress modes, dwellings, traditions, and institutions of usually small, traditional communities | 9 | |
| 817824155 | Folk-housing regions | A region in which the housing stock predominantly reflects styles of building that are particular to the culture of the people who have long inhabited the area | 10 | |
| 817824156 | Global-local continuum | The notion that what happens at the global scale has a direct effect on what happens at the local scale, and vice versa. This idea posits that the world is comprised of an interconnected series of relationships that extend across space | 11 | |
| 817824157 | Glocalization | The process by which people in a local place mediate and alter regional, national and global precesses | 12 | |
| 817824158 | Hearth | The area where an idea or cultural trait originates | 13 | |
| 817824159 | Local Culture | Group of people in a particular place who see themselves as a collective or a community, who share experiences, customs, and traits, and who work to preserve those traits and customs in order to claim uniqueness and to distinguish themselves from others | 14 | |
| 817824160 | Material Culture | The art, housing, clothing, sports, dances, foods, and other similar items constructed or created by a group of people | 15 | |
| 817824161 | Neolocalism | The seeking out of the regional culture and re-invigoration of it in response to the uncertainty of the modern world | 16 | |
| 817824162 | Non-material Culture | The beliefs, practices, aesthetics and values of a group of people | 17 | |
| 817824163 | Placelessness | Defined by geographer Edward Relph as the loss of uniqueness of place in the cultural landscape so that one place looks like the next | 18 | |
| 817824164 | Popular Culture | Culture traits, such as dress, diet and music that identify and are parts of today's changeable, urban-based, media-influenced western societies | 19 | |
| 817824165 | Reterriatorialization | With respect to popular culture, when people withing a place start to produce and aspect of popular culture themselves, doing so in the context of their local culture and making it their own | 20 | |
| 817824166 | Time-space compression | A term associated with the work of David Harvey that refers to the social and psychological effect of living in a world in which time-space converge has rapidly reached a high level of intensity | 21 | |
| 817824167 | Assimilation | The process through which people lose originally differentiating traits, such as dress, speech particularities or mannerism, when they come into contact with another society or culture. | 22 | |
| 817875467 | gender | Social differences between men and women, rather than the anatomical, biological differences between the sexes. | 23 | |
| 817875468 | Identity | Defined by | 24 | |
| 817875469 | Identifying against | Constructing an identity bu first defining the "other" and then defining ourselves as "not the other" | 25 | |
| 817875470 | Race | A categorization of humans based on skin color and other physical characteristics. Racial categories are social and political constructions because they are based on ideas that some biological differences are more important that others, even though the latter might have more significance is terms of human activity | 26 | |
| 817875471 | Racism | Frequently referred to as a system or attitude toward visible differences individuals, racism is an ideology difference that ascribes significance and meaning to culturally, socially, and politically constructed ideas based on phenotypical features. | 27 | |
| 817875472 | Residential segregation | Defined by geographers Douglas Massey and Nancy Denton as the degree to which two or more groups live separately from one another, in different parts an urban environment. | 28 | |
| 817875473 | Succession | Process by which new immigrants to a city move to and dominate or take over areas or neighborhoods occupied by older immigrant groups. | 29 | |
| 817875474 | Sense of place | State of mind derived through the infusion of a place with meaning and emotion by remembering important events that occurred in that place or by labeling a place with a certain character | 30 | |
| 817875475 | Ethnicity | Affiliation or identity within a group of people bound by common ancestry and culture | 31 | |
| 817875476 | Space | Defined by Doreen Massey and Pat Jess as "social relations stretched out" | 32 | |
| 817875477 | Gendered | In terms of a place, whether the place is designed for or claimed by men or women | 33 | |
| 817875478 | Queer Theory | Theory defined by geographers Glen Elder, Lawrence Knopp and Heidi Nast highlists the contextual nature of opposition to the heteronormative and focuses on the political engagement of "queers" with the heteronormative | 34 | |
| 817875479 | Dowry deaths | In the context of arranged marriages in India, disputes over the price to be paid by the family of the bride to the farther of the groom have, in some extreme cases, led to the death of the bride | 35 | |
| 817875480 | Barrioization | Defined by James Curtis as the dramatic increase in Hispanic population in a given neighborhood; referring to barrio, the Spanish word for neighborhood | 36 | |
| 818065531 | conquest theory | One major theory of how Proto-Indo-European diffused into Europe which holds that the early speakers of Proto-Indo-Eurpean spread westward on horseback, overpowering earlier inhabitants and beginning the diffusion and differentiation of Indo-European tongues. | 37 | |
| 818065532 | Creole language | A language that began as a pidgin language but was later adopted as the mother language by a people in place of the mother tongue | 38 | |
| 818065533 | Culture | The sum of total knowledge, attitudes, and habitual behavior patterns share and transmitted by the members of a society | 39 | |
| 818065534 | Deep reconstruction | Technique using the vocabulary of an extinct language to re-create the language that proceeded the extinct language | 40 | |
| 818065535 | Dialect chains | A set of contiguous dialects in which the dialects nearest to each other at any place in the chain are most closely to related | 41 | |
| 818065536 | Dialects | Local or regional characteristics of a language. While accent refers to the pronunciation differences of s standard language, a dialect, in addition to pronunciation variation, has distinctive grammar and vocabulary | 42 | |
| 818065537 | Dispersal hypothesis | Hypothesis which holds that the Indo-European languages that arose from Proto-Indo-European were first carried eastward into Southwest Asia, next around the Caspian Sea, and then across the Russian-Ukrainian plains an don into the Balkans | 43 | |
| 818065538 | Extinct language | Language without any native speakers | 44 | |
| 818065539 | Germanic languages | English, German, Danish, Norwegian and Swedish. Languages that reflect the expansion of peoples out of Northern Europe to the West and South | 45 | |
| 818065540 | Global language | The language used most commonly around the world; defined on the basis of either the number of speakers of the language, or prevalence of use in commerce and trade | 46 | |
| 818065541 | Isogloss | A geographic boundary within which a particular linguistic feature occurs | 47 | |
| 818065542 | Language | A set of sounds, combination of sounds, and symbols that are used for communication | 48 | |
| 818065543 | Language converge | The collapsing of two languages into one resulting from the consistent spatial interaction of peoples with different languages; the opposite of language divergence | 49 | |
| 818065544 | Language diverge | A process suggested by August Schleicher whereby new languages are formed when a language breaks into dialects due to a lack of spatial interaction among speakers of the language into discrete new languages | 50 | |
| 818065545 | Language families | Group of languages with a shared but fairly distant origin | 51 | |
| 818065546 | Lingua franca | A language used among speakers of different languages for the purposes of trade and commerce | 52 | |
| 818065547 | Monolingual states | Countries in which only one language is spoken | 53 | |
| 818065548 | multilingual states | Countries in which more than one language is spoken | 54 | |
| 818065549 | Mutual intelligibility | The ability of two people to understand each other when speaking | 55 | |
| 818065550 | Nostratic | Language believed to be the ancestral language not only of Proto-Indo-European, but also of the Kartvelian languages of the southern Caucasus region, the Uralic-Altaic languages, the Dravadian languages of India, and the Afro-Asiatic language family | 56 | |
| 818065551 | Official language | In multilingual countries the language selected, often by the educated and politically powerful elite, to promote internal cohesion; usually the language of the courts and government | 57 | |
| 818065552 | Pidgin language | When parts of two or more languages are combined in a simplified structure and vocabulary | 58 | |
| 818065553 | Proto-Indo-European | Linguistic hypothesis proposing the existence of an ancestral Indo-European language that is the hearth of the ancient Latin, Greek, and Sankrit languages which heart would link modern languages from Scandinavia to North Africa and from North America through parts of Asia and Australia | 59 | |
| 818065554 | Renfrew hypothesis | Hypothesis developed by Colin Renfrew wherein he proposed that three areas in and near the first agricultural hearth, the Fertile Crescent, gave rise to three language families: Europe's Indo-European languages; and the languages in present-day Iran; Afganistan, Pakistan, and India | 60 | |
| 818065555 | Romance languages | French, Spanish, Italian, Romanian an Portuguese. Languages that lie in the areas that were once controlled by the Roman Empire but were not subsequently overwhelmed | 61 | |
| 818065556 | Sound shift | Slight change in a word across languages within a subfamily or through a language family from the present backward toward its origin | 62 | |
| 818065557 | Standard language | The variant of a language that a country's political and intellectual elite seek to promote as the norm for use in schools, government, the media and other aspects of public life | 63 | |
| 818065558 | Subfamilies | Divisions within a language family where the commonalities are more definite and the origin is more recent | 64 | |
| 818065559 | Toponym | Place name | 65 | |
| 818065560 | Backward construction | The tracking of sound shifts and hardening of consonants "backward" toward the original language | 66 | |
| 818065561 | Slavic languages | Russian, Polish, Czech, Slovak, Ukrainian, Slovenian, Serbo-Croatian, and Bulgrian. Languages that developed as Slavic people migrated from a base in present-day Ukraine close to 2000 years ago | 67 | |
| 818065562 | Activity space | The space within which daily activity occurs | 68 | |
| 818065563 | Animistic religion | The belief that inanimate objects, such as hills, trees, rocks, rivers and other elements of the natural landscape, posess souls and can help or hinder human efforts on Earth | 69 | |
| 818065564 | Buddhism | Religion founded in the sixth century BCE and characterized by the belief that enlightenment would come through knowledge, especially self-knowledge; elimination of greed, craving and desire; complete honesty; and never hurting another person or animal. | 70 | |
| 818065565 | Caste system | The strict social segregation of people-specifically in India's Hindu society-on the basis of ancestry and occupation | 71 | |
| 818065566 | Christianity | Religion base on the teaching of Jesus. According to Christian teaching, Jesus is the son of God, placed on the Earth to teach people how to live according to God's plan | 72 | |
| 818065567 | Diaspora | From the Greek "to disperse", a term describing forceful or voluntary dispersal of a people from their homeland to a new place. Originally denoting the dispersal of Jews, it is increasingly applied to other population dispersals, such as the involuntary relocation of Black peoples during the slave trade or Chinese peoples outside of Mainland China, Taiwan and Hong Kong | 73 | |
| 818065568 | Ethnic Cleansing | The systematic killing or extermination of an entire people or nation | 74 | |
| 818065569 | Ethnic religion | A religion that is particular to one, culturally distinct, group of people. Unlike universalizing religions, adherents of ethnic religions do not actively seek converts through evangelism or missionary work | 75 | |
| 818065570 | Feng Shui | Literally "wind-water". The chinese art and science of placement and orientation of tombs, dwellings, buildings, and cities. Structures and objects are positioned in an effort to channel flows of sheng-chi in favorable ways | 76 | |
| 818065571 | Hajj | The Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca, the birthplace of Muhammad | 77 | |
| 818065572 | Hinduism | One of the oldest religions in the world, dating back over 4000 years, and originating the Indus River Valley of what is today part of Pakistan. Hinduism is unique among the world's religions in that it does not have a single founder, a single theology, or agreement on its origins | 78 | |
| 818065573 | Indigenous religions | Belief systems and philosophies practiced and traditionally passed from generation to generation among peoples within an indigenous tribe or group | 79 | |
| 818065574 | Interfaith boundaries | Boundaries between the world's major faiths | 80 | |
| 818065575 | Intrafaith boundaries | Boundaries within a single major faith | 81 | |
| 818065576 | Islam | The youngest of the major world religions, based on the teaching of Muhammad, born in Mecca in 571 CE. | 82 | |
| 818065577 | Jihad | A doctrine within Islam. Commonly translated as "Holy War", represents either a personal or collective struggle on the part of Muslims to live up to the religious standards set by the Qu'ran | 83 | |
| 818065578 | Judaism | Religion with its roots in the teachings of Abraham, who is credited with uniting his people to worship only one god. | 84 | |
| 818065579 | Minarets | Tower attached to a Muslim mosque, having one or more projecting balconies from which a crier calls Muslims to prayer | 85 | |
| 818065580 | Monotheistic Religion | Belief system in which one supreme being is revered as creator and arbiter of all that exists in the universe. | 86 | |
| 818065581 | Pilgrimage | Voluntary travel by an adherent to a sacred site to pay respects or participate in a ritual at the site | 87 | |
| 818065582 | Polytheistic Religion | Belief system in which multiple deities are revered as creators and arbiters of all that exists in the universe. | 88 | |
| 818065583 | Protestant | One of three major branches of Christianity. Following the widespread societal changes in Europe stating in 1300s CE, many adherents to the Roman Catholic Church began to question the role of religion in their lives and opened the door to this religion. | 89 | |
| 818065584 | Religious fundamentalism | Religious movement whose objectives are to return to the foundations of the faith and to influence state policy | 90 | |
| 818065585 | Religion | Defined by Robert Stoddard and Carolyn Prorak as "a system of beliefs and practices that attempts to order in life in terms of culturally perceived ultimate priorities" | 91 | |
| 818065586 | Religious extremism | Religious fundamentalism carried to the point of violence | 92 | |
| 818065587 | Roman Catholic Church | On of three major branches of Christianity, arose out of the division of the Roman Empire by Emperor Diocletian into four governmental regions: two western regions centered in Rome, two in eastern centered in Constantinople. | 93 | |
| 818065588 | Sacred sites | Place or space people infuse with religious meaning | 94 | |
| 818065589 | Secularism | The idea that ethical and moral standards should be formulated and adhered to for life on Earth, not to accommodate the prescriptions of a deity and promises of a comfortable afterlife. | 95 | |
| 818065590 | Shamanism | Community faith in traditional societies in which people follow their shaman-a religious leader, teacher, healer, and visionary. | 96 | |
| 818065591 | Shari'a laws | The system of Islamic law, sometimes called Qu'ranic Law. Unlike most Western systems of law that are based on legal precedence, Sharia is based on varying degrees of interpretation of the Qu'ran | 97 | |
| 818065592 | Shi'ite | Adherents of one of the two main divisions of Islam. Also known as Shiahs, the Shi'ites represent the Presian variation of Islam and believe in the infallibility and divine right to authority of the Imams, descendants of Ali. | 98 | |
| 818065593 | Shintoism | Religion located in Japan and related to Buddhism. It focuses particularly on nature and ancestor worship. | 99 | |
| 818065594 | Sunni | Adherents to the largest branch of Islam, called the orthodox or traditionalist. They believe in the effectiveness of family and community in the solution of life's problems, and they differ from the Shi'ites in accepting the traditions of Muhammad as authoritative | 100 | |
| 818065595 | Taoism | Religion believed to have been founded by Lao-Tsu and based upon his book entitled "Tao-te-ching" or "Book of the Way" Lao-Tsu focused on the proper form of political rule and on the oneness of humanity and nature | 101 | |
| 818065596 | Universalizing religion | A belief system that espouses the idea that there is one true religion that is universal in scope. Adherents of universalizing religious systems often believe that their religion represents universal truths, and in some cases great efforts is undertaken in evangelism and missionary work | 102 | |
| 818065597 | Zionism | The movement to unite the Jewish people of the diaspora and to establish a national homeland for them in the promised land. | 103 |
