AP Human Geography: People, Place and Cultures.
Chapters 8-10
Terms : Hide Images
| 819550079 | Ability | In the context of political power, the capacity of a state to influence other states or achieve its goals through diplomatic, economic, and militaristic means. | 0 | |
| 819550080 | Boundary | Vertical plane between states that cuts through the rocks below, and the airspace above the surface | 1 | |
| 819550081 | Capitalism | Economic model wherein people, corporations and states produce goods and exchange them on the world market, with the goal of achieving profit. | 2 | |
| 819550082 | Centrifugal | Forces that tend to divide a country-such as internal religious, linguistic, ethnic or ideological differences. | 3 | |
| 819550083 | Centripetal | Forces that tend to unify a country-such as widespread commitment to a national culture, shared ideological objectives, and a common faith | 4 | |
| 819550084 | Colonialism | Rule by an autonomous power over a subordinate and alien people and place. Although often established and maintained through political structures, colonialism also creates unequal cultural and economic relations. | 5 | |
| 819550085 | Commodification | The process through which something is given monetary value. It occurs when a good or idea that previously was not regarded as an object to be bought and sold is turned into something that has a particular price and that can be traded in a market economy. | 6 | |
| 819550086 | Core | Processes that incorporate higher levels of education, higher salaries, and more technology; generate more wealth than periphery processes in the world-economy. | 7 | |
| 819550087 | Critical Geopolitics | Process by which geopoliticians deconstruct and focus on explaining the underlying spatial assumptions and territorial perspectives of politicians | 8 | |
| 819550088 | Democracy | Government based on the principle that the people are the ultimate sovereign and have the final say over what happens within the state | 9 | |
| 819550089 | Devolution | The process whereby regions within a state demand and gain political strength and growing autonomy at the expense of the central government | 10 | |
| 819550090 | Federal (state) | A political-territorial system wherein a central government represents the various entities within a nation-state where they have common interests - defense, foreign affairs, and the like - yet allows these various entities to retain their own identities and to have their own laws, policies and customs in certain spheres. | 11 | |
| 819550091 | Geometric Boundary | Political boundary defined and delimited as a straight line or an arc. | 12 | |
| 819550092 | Gerrymandering | Redistricting for advantage, or the practice of dividing areas into electoral districts to give one political party an electoral majority in a large number of districts while concentrating the voting strength of the opposition in as few districts as possible. | 13 | |
| 819550093 | Heartland Theory | A geopolitical hypothesis, proposed by Halford Mackinder during the first two decades of the 20th century, that nau political power based in the heart of Eurasia could gain sufficient strength to eventually dominate the world. | 14 | |
| 819550094 | Majority-Minority Districts | In the context of determining representative districts, the process by which a majority of the population is from the minority. | 15 | |
| 819550095 | Mercantilism | In a general sense, associated with the promotion of commercialism and trade. | 16 | |
| 819550096 | Multinational State | State with more than one religion within its borders | 17 | |
| 819550097 | Multistate Nation | Nation that stretches across borders and across states. | 18 | |
| 819550098 | Nation | Legally, a term encompassing all the citizen of a state. Most definitions now tend to refer to a tightly knit group of people possessing bonds of language, ethnicity, religion, and other shared cultural attributes. | 19 | |
| 819550099 | Nation-state | Theoretically, a recognized member of the modern state system possessing formal sovereignty and occupied by a people who see themselves as a single, united nation. | 20 | |
| 819550100 | Peace of Westphalia | Peace negotiated in 1648 to end the 30 Years' War, Europe's most destructive internal struggle over religion. | 21 | |
| 819550101 | Periphery | Processes that incorporate lower levels of education, lower salaries, and less technology; and generate less wealth than core processes in the world-economy | 22 | |
| 819550102 | Physical-Political Boundary | Political boundary defined and delimited by a prominent physical feature in the natural landscape - such as a river or the crest ridges of a mountain range. | 23 | |
| 819550103 | Political Geography | A subdivision of human geography focused on the nature and implications of the evolving spatial organization of political governance and formal political practice on the Earth's surface. | 24 | |
| 819550104 | Reapportionment | Process by which representative districts are switched according to population shifts, so that each districts encompasses approximately the same number of people | 25 | |
| 819550105 | Scale | Representation of a real-world phenomenon at a certain level of reduction or generalized. In cartography, the ratio of map distance to ground distance | 26 | |
| 819550106 | Semi-periphery | Places where core and periphery processes are both occurring; places that are exploited by the core but in turn exploit the periphery | 27 | |
| 819550107 | Sovereignty | A principle of international relations that holds that final authority over social, economic and political matters should rest with the legitimate rulers of independent states | 28 | |
| 819550108 | Splitting | In the context of determining representative districts, the process by which the majority and minority populations are spread evenly across each of the districts to be created therein ensuring control by the majority of the districts | 29 | |
| 819550109 | State | A politically organized territory that is administered by a sovereign government and is recognize by a significant portion of the international community. It has a defined territory, a permanent population, a government and is recognized by other states. | 30 | |
| 819550110 | Stateless nation | Nation that does not have a state | 31 | |
| 819550111 | Supranational organization | A venture involving 3 or more nation-sates involving formal political, economic, and/or cultural cooperation to promote shared objectives | 32 | |
| 819550112 | Territorial Integrity | The right of a state to defined sovereign territory against incursion from other states | 33 | |
| 819550113 | Territorial Representation | System wherein each representative is elected from a territorially defined districts | 34 | |
| 819550114 | Territoriality | In political geography, a country's or more local community's sense of property and attachment toward its territory, as expressed by its determination to keep it inviolable and strongly defended. | 35 | |
| 819550115 | Unilateralism | World order in which one state is in a position of dominance with allies following rather than joining the political decision-making process | 36 | |
| 819550116 | Unitary state | A nation-state that has a centralized government and administration that exercises power equally over all parts of the state | 37 | |
| 819953615 | Acropolis | Literally "high point of the city". The upper fortified part of an ancient Greek city, usually devoted to religious purposes | 38 | |
| 819953616 | Agora | In ancient Greece, public spaces where citizens debated, lectured, judged each other, planned military campaigns, socialized and traded | 39 | |
| 819953617 | Agricultural Suplus | One of two components, together with social stratification, that enable the formation of cities; agricultural production in excess of that which the producer needs for his or her own sustenance and that of his or her family and which is then sold for consumption by others | 40 | |
| 819953618 | Agricultural Village | A relatively small, egalitarian village, where most of the population was involved in agriculture. Starting over 10,000 years ago, people began to cluster in agricultural villages as they stayed in one place to tend their crops. | 41 | |
| 819953619 | Blockbusting | Rapid change in the racial composition of residential blocks on American cities that occurs when real estate agents and others stir up fears of neighborhood decline after encouraging people of color to move to previously white neighborhoods. | 42 | |
| 819953620 | Central Business Districts | The downtown heart of a central city. It's marked by high land values, a concentration of business and commerce, and the clustering of the tallest buildings | 43 | |
| 819953621 | Central City | The urban area that is not suburban; generally, the older or original city that is surrounded by newer suburbs | 44 | |
| 819953622 | Central Place Theory | Theory proposed by Walter Christaller that explains how and where central places in the urban hierarchy should be functionally and spatially distributed with respect to one another. | 45 | |
| 819953623 | City | Conglomeration of people and buildings clustered together to serve as a center of politics, cultures and economics | 46 | |
| 819953624 | Commercialization | The transformation of an area of a city into an area attractive to residents and tourists alike in terms of economic activity | 47 | |
| 819953625 | Concentric Zone Model | A structural model of the American central city that suggests the existence of five concentric land-use rings arranged around a common center | 48 | |
| 819953626 | Disamenity Sector | The very poorest parts of cities that in extreme cases are not even connected to regular city services and are controlled by gangs or drug lords. | 49 | |
| 819953627 | Edge Cities | A term introduced by Joel Garreau in order to describe the shifting focus of urbanization in the united states away from the central business district (CBD) toward the loci of economic activity at the urban fringe | 50 | |
| 819953628 | Fist Urban Revolution | The innovation of the city, which occurred independently in five separate hearts | 51 | |
| 819953629 | Functional zonation | the division of a city into different regions or zones (e.g. residential or industrial) for certain purposes or functions (e.g. housing or manufacturing). | 52 | |
| 819953630 | Gated Communities | Restricted neighborhoods or subdivisions, often literally fenced in, where entry is limited to residents and their guests. Although predominantly high-income based, in North America gated communities are increasingly a middle-class phenomenon. | 53 | |
| 819953631 | Gentrification | The rehabilitation of deteriorated, often abandoned, housing of low-income inner-city residents. | 54 | |
| 819953632 | Griffin-Ford Model | Developed by geographers Ernst Griffin and Larry Ford, a model of the Latin American city showing a blend of traditional elements of Latin American culture with the forces of globalization that are reshaping the urban scene. | 55 | |
| 819953633 | Huang He and Wei River Valleys | Rivers in present-day China; it was at the confluence of the Huang He and Wei Rivers where chronologically the fourth urban hearth was established around 1500 BCE | 56 | |
| 819953634 | Indus River Valley | Chronologically the third urban hearth dating back to 2200 BCE. | 57 | |
| 819953635 | Informal Economy | Economic activity that is neither taxed nor monitored by a government; and is not included in that government's Gross National Product; as opposed to a formal economy | 58 | |
| 819953636 | Leadership Class | group of decision-makers and organizers in early cities who controlled the resources, and often the lives, of others | 59 | |
| 819953637 | McMansions | Homes referred to as such because of their "super size" and similarity in appearance to other such homes; homes often built in place of tear-downs in American suburbs. | 60 | |
| 819953638 | Mesoamerica | chronologically the fifth urban hearth, dating to 200 BCE | 61 | |
| 819953639 | Mesopotamia | Region of great cities (e.g Ur and Babylong) located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers; chronologically the first urban hearth, dating to 3500 BCE, and which as founded in the Fertile Crescent. | 62 | |
| 819953640 | New Urbanism | Outlined by a group of architects, urban planners, and developers from over 20 countries, an urban design that calls for development, urban revitalization, and suburban reforms that create walkable neighborhoods with a diversity of housing and jobs. | 63 | |
| 819953641 | Nile River Valley | Chronologically the second urban hearth dating back to 3200 BCE. | 64 | |
| 819953642 | Primate City | A country's largest city-ranking atop the urban hierarchy-most expressive of the national culture and usually (but not always) the capital as well. | 65 | |
| 819953643 | Rank-size Rule | In a model urban hierarchy, the idea that the population of a city or town will be inversely proportional to its rank in the hierarchy. | 66 | |
| 819953644 | Redlining | A discriminatory real estate practice in North America in which members of minority groups are prevented from obtaining money to purchase homes or property in predominantly white neighborhoods. The practice derived its name from the red lines depicted on cadastral maps used by real estate agents and developers. Today, redlining is officially illegal. | 67 | |
| 819953645 | Shantytowns | Unplanned slum development on the margins of cities, dominated by crude dwellings and shelters made mostly of scrap wood, iron, and even pieces of cardboard. | 68 | |
| 819953646 | Site | the internal physical attributes of a place, including its absolute location, its spatial character and physical setting. | 69 | |
| 819953647 | Situation | The external location attributes of a place; its relative location or regional position with reference to other nonlocal places. | 70 | |
| 819953648 | Social Stratification | one of two components, together with agricultural surplus, which enables the formation of cities; the differentiation of society into classes based on wealth, power, production, and prestige | 71 | |
| 819953649 | Spaces of Consumption | Areas of a city, the main purpose of which is to encourage people to consume goods and services' driven primarily by the global media industry. | 72 | |
| 819953650 | Suburb | A subsidiary urban area surrounding and connected to the central city. Many are exclusively residential; others have their own commercial centers or shopping malls. | 73 | |
| 819953651 | Suburbanization | Movement of upper and middle-class people from urban core areas to the surrounding outskirts to escape pollution as well as deteriorating social conditions (perceived and actual). In North America, the process began in the early nineteenth century and became a mass phenomenon by the second half of the twentieth century. | 74 | |
| 819953652 | Sunbelt Phenomenon | The movement of millions of Americans from northern and northeastern States to the South and Southwest regions of the United States. | 75 | |
| 819953653 | Tear-downs | Homes bought in many American suburbs with the intent of tearing them down and replacing them with much larger homes often referred to as McMansions. | 76 | |
| 819953654 | Trade Area | Region adjacent to every town and city within which its influence is dominant. | 77 | |
| 819953655 | Urban | the entire built-up, nonrural area and its population, including the most recently constructed suburban appendages. Provides a better picture of the dimensions and population of such an area than the delimited municipality (central city) that forms its heart. | 78 | |
| 819953656 | Urban Morphology | The study of the physical form and structure of urban places. | 79 | |
| 819953657 | Urban Realm | A spatial generalization of the large, late-twentieth-century city in the United States. It is shown to be a widely dispersed, multicentered metropolis consisting of increasingly independent zones or realms, each focused on its own suburban downtown; the only exception is the shrunken central realm, which is focused on the Central Business District (CBD). | 80 | |
| 819953658 | Urban Sprawl | unrestricted growth in many American urban areas of housing, commercial development, and roads over large expanses of land, with little concern for urban planning. | 81 | |
| 819953659 | World City | Dominant city in terms of its role in the global political economy. Not the world's biggest city in terms of population or industrial output, but rather centers of strategic control of the world economy. | 82 | |
| 819953660 | Zone | Area of a city with a relatively uniform land use (e.g. an industrial zone or residential zone) | 83 | |
| 819953661 | Zoning Laws | Legal restrictions on land use that determine what types of building and economic activities are allowed to take place in certain areas. In the United States, areas are most commonly divided into separate zones of residential, retail, or industrial use. | 84 | |
| 819953662 | McGee Model | Developed by geographer T.G. McGee, a model showing similar land-use patterns among the medium-sized cities of Southeast Asia. | 85 | |
| 820101341 | Commodity Chain | Series of links connecting the many places of production and distribution and resulting in a commodity that is exchanged on the world market. | 86 | |
| 820101342 | Context | the geographical situation in which something occurs; the combination of what is happening at a variety of scales concurrently | 87 | |
| 820101343 | Dependency Theory | A structuralist theory that offers a critique of the modernization model of development. Based on the idea that certain types of political and economic relations (especially colonialism) between countries and regions of the world have created arrangements that both control and limit the extent to which regions can develop. | 88 | |
| 820101344 | Desertification | The encroachment of desert conditions on moister zones along the desert margins, wehre plant cover and soils are threatedned by dessiccation-through overuse in part by humans and their domestic animals and possibly in part becouse of the inexorable shifts in the Earht's environmental zones | 89 | |
| 820101345 | Developing | With respect to a country, making progress in technology, production, and socioeconomic welfare. | 90 | |
| 820101346 | Dollarization | When a poorer country ties the value of its currency to that of a wealthier country, or when it abandons its currency and adopts the wealthier country's currency as its own. | 91 | |
| 820101347 | Export Processing Zones | Zones established by many countries in the periphery and semi-periphery where they offer favorable tax, regulatory, and trade arrangements to attract foreign trade and investment. | 92 | |
| 820101348 | Formal Economy | The legal economy that is taxed and monitored by a government and is included in a government's GNP | 93 | |
| 820101349 | Gross Domestic Product (GDP) | The total value of final goods and services produced in a country in a given year | 94 | |
| 820101350 | Gross National Income (GNI) | The total value of goods and services produced by a country per year plus net income earned abroad by its nationals; formerly called "gross national product." | 95 | |
| 820101351 | Gross National Product (GNP) | The total value of all goods and services produced by a country's economy in a given year. It includes all goods and services produced by corporations and individuals of a country, whether or not they are located within the country. | 96 | |
| 820101352 | Informal Economy | Economic activity that is neither taxed nor monitored by a government; and is not included in that government's Gross National Product; as opposed to a formal economy | 97 | |
| 820101353 | Island of Development | Place built up by a government or corporation to attract foreign investment and which has relatively high concentrations of paying jobs and infrastructure. | 98 | |
| 820101354 | Maquiladoras | The term given to zones in northern Mexico with factories supplying manufactured goods to the U.S. market. The low-wage workers in the primarily foreign-owned factories assemble imported components and/or raw materials and then export finished goods. | 99 | |
| 820101355 | Microcredit Program | Program that provides small loans to poor people, especially women, to encourage development of small businesses. | 100 | |
| 820101356 | Millenium Development Goals | 8 goals to improve the world: end hunger, universal education, gender equity, child health, maternal health, global partner ship, enviromental sustainability, and to combat hiv/aids | 101 | |
| 820101357 | Modernization Model | A model of economic development most closely associated with the work of economist Walter Rostow. This model maintains that all countries go through five interrelated stages of development, which culminate in an economic state of self-sustained economic growth and high levels of mass consumption. | 102 | |
| 820101358 | Neoliberalism | A strategy for economic development that calls for free markets, balanced budgets, privatization, free trade, and minimal government intervention in the economy. | 103 | |
| 820101359 | Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs) | International organizations that operate outside of the formal political arena but that are nevertheless influential in spearheading international initiatives on social, economic, and environmental issues. | 104 | |
| 820101360 | North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) | Agreement entered into by Canada, Mexico, and the United States in December, 1992 and which took effect on January 1, 1994, to eliminate the barriers to trade in, and facilitate the cross-border movement of goods and services between the countries. | 105 | |
| 820101361 | Per Capita GNP | The Gross National Product of a given country divided by its population. | 106 | |
| 820101362 | Special Economic Zones | Specific area within a country in which tax incentives and less stringent environmental regulations are implemented to attract foreign business and investment | 107 | |
| 820101363 | Structural Adjustment Loans | Loans granted by international financial institutions such as the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund to countries in the periphery and the semi periphery in exchange for certain economic and governmental reforms in that country(e.g. privatization of certain government entities and opening the country to foreign trade and investment) | 108 | |
| 820101364 | Structuralist Theory | A general term for a model of economic development that treats economic disparities among countries or regions as the result of historically derived power relations within the global economic system. | 109 | |
| 820101365 | Three-tier Structure | With reference to Immanuel Wallerstein's world-system's theory, the divisions of the world into the core, the periphery, and the semi-periphery as means to help explain the interconnections between places in the global economy. | 110 | |
| 820101366 | Trafficking | When a family sends a child or an adult to a labor recruiter in hopes that the labor recruiter will send money, and the family member will earn money to send home | 111 | |
| 820101367 | Vectored Diseases | A disease carried from one host to another by an intermediate host. | 112 | |
| 820101368 | World-systems Theory | Theory originated by Immanuel Wallerstein and illuminated by his three-tier structure, proposing that social change in the developing world is inextricably linked to the economic activities of the developed world. | 113 | |
| 820101369 | Malaria | An infectious tropical disease caused by a protozoan and transmitted to humans by a mosquito; it produces high fevers, chills, sweating, and anemia | 114 | |
| 820101370 | Neocolonialism | The entrenchment of the colonial order, such as trade and investment, under a new guise. | 115 |
