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| 11488778044 | language | A set of sounds, combination of sounds, and symbols that are used for communication. | 0 | |
| 11488778045 | mutual intelligibility | The ability of two people to understand each other when speaking. | 1 | |
| 11488778046 | standard language | The variant of a language that a country's political and intellectual elite seek to promote as the norm for use in schools, government, the media, and other aspects of public life. | 2 | |
| 11488778047 | dialects | Local or regional characteristics of a language. While accent refers to the pronunciation differences of fa standard language, a dialect, in addition to pronunciation variation, has distinctive grammar and vocabulary. | 3 | |
| 11488778048 | dialect chains | A set of contiguous dialects nearest to each other at any place in the chain are most closely related. | 4 | |
| 11488778049 | isogloss | A geographic boundary within which a particular linguistic feature occurs. | 5 | |
| 11488778050 | language families | Group of languages with a shared but fairly distant origin. |  | 6 |
| 11488778051 | subfamilies | Divisions within a language family where the commonalities are more definite and the origin is more recent. | 7 | |
| 11488778053 | Protho-Indo-European | Linguistic hypothesis proposing the existence of an ancestral Indo-European language that is the hearth of the ancient Latin, Greek, and Sanskrit languages which hearth would link modern languages from Scandinavia to North Africa and from North America through parts of Asia to Australia. | 8 | |
| 11488778054 | backward reconstruction | The tracking of sound shifts and hardening of consonants "backward" toward the original language. | 9 | |
| 11488778055 | extinct language | Language without any native speakers. | 10 | |
| 11488778058 | language divergence | The opposite of language convergence; a process suggested by German linguist August Schleicher whereby new languages are formed when a language brakes into dialects due to lack of spatial interaction among speakers of the language and continued isolation eventually causes the division of the language into discrete new languages. | 11 | |
| 11488778059 | language convergence | The collapsing of twill languages into one resulting from the consistent spatial interaction off peoples with different languages; the opposite of language divergence. | 12 | |
| 11488778060 | conquest theory | the theory that early Proto-Indo-European speakers spread westward on horseback, overpowering earlier inhabitants and beginning the diffusion and differentiation of Indo-European tounges | 13 | |
| 11488778063 | Romance languages | Languages (French, Spanish, Italian, Romanian, and Portuguese) yhat lie in tge areas that were once controlled by the Roman Empire but were not subsequently overwhelemed. | 14 | |
| 11488778064 | Germanic languages | Languages (English, German, Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish) thay reflect the expansion of peoples out if Northern Europe to the West and South. | 15 | |
| 11488778065 | Slavic languages | Languages (Russian, Polish, Czech, Slovak, Ukranian, Slovenian, Serbo-Croatian, and Bulgarian) that developed as the Slavic people migrated from a base in oresent day Ukraine close to 2000 years ago. | 16 | |
| 11488778066 | lingua franca | A term deriving from "Frankish language" and appliying to a lounge spoken in ancient mederteranian ports that consisted of a mixture of Italian, french, greek, spanish, and even some Arabic. Today it refers to a "common language" a language used among speakers of different languages for the purposes of trade and commerce. | 17 | |
| 11488778067 | pidgin language | When parts of two or more languages are combined in a simplified structure or vocabulary. | 18 | |
| 11488778068 | Creole language | A language that began as a pidgin language but was later adopted as the mother tongue by a people in place of the mother tongue. | 19 | |
| 11488778069 | monolingual states | Contries in which only one language is spoken. | 20 | |
| 11488778070 | multilingual states | Countries in which more than i e language is spoken. | 21 | |
| 11488778071 | official language | In multilingual countries the language selected, often by the educated and politically powerful elite, to promote internal cohesion; usally the language of court's and government. | 22 | |
| 11488778072 | global language | The language used most commonly around the world; defined on the baises of either the number of speakers of the language, or prevalence of use in commerce or trade. | 23 | |
| 11488778074 | toponym | Place name. | 24 | |
| 11488833308 | Proto-Eurasiatic | Linguistic hypothesis proposing the existence of a language or group of languages that predated, and gave rise to, Proto-Indo-European and other language families with Eurasian origins. | 25 | |
| 11488841415 | cognate | A word that has the same linguistic derivation as another word | 26 |
