The Cultural Landscape: An Introduction to Human Geography, 11e
Rubenstein
Terms : Hide Images
| 1043932389 | Apartheid | Laws (no longer in effect) in South Africa that physically separated different races into different geographic areas. | 0 | |
| 1043932390 | balkanization | A process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities. | 1 | |
| 1043932391 | balkanized | Descriptive of a small geographic area that could not successfully be organized into one or more stable states because it was inhabited by many ethnicities with complex, long-standing antagonisms toward each other. (see the Balkans) | 2 | |
| 1043932392 | blockbusting | A process by which real estate agents convince white property owners to sell their houses at low prices because of fear that persons of color will soon move into the neighborhood. | 3 | |
| 1043932393 | centripetal force | An attitude that tends to unify people and enhance support for a state. | 4 | |
| 1043932394 | ethnic cleansing | A process in which a more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes a less powerful one in order to create an ethnically homogenous region. (see Kosovo) | 5 | |
| 1043932395 | ethnicity | Identity with a group of people that share distinct physical and mental traits as a product of common heredity and cultural traditions. (see Hispanic) | 6 | |
| 1043932396 | genocide | The mass killing of a group of people in an attempt to eliminate the entire group from existence. (see Holocaust, Doctor Who) | 7 | |
| 1043932397 | nationalism | Loyalty and devotion to a particular nationality. | 8 | |
| 1043932398 | nationality | Identity with a group of people that share legal attachment and personal allegiance to a particular place as a result of being born there. | 9 | |
| 1043932399 | race | Identity with a group of people descended from a biological ancestor. | 10 | |
| 1043932400 | racism | Belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that racial differences produce an inherent superiority of a particular race. | 11 | |
| 1043932401 | racist | A person who subscribes to the beliefs of racism. | 12 | |
| 1043932402 | sharecropper | A person who works fields rented from a landowner and pays the rent and repays loans by turning over to the landowner a share of the crops. | 13 | |
| 1043932403 | triangular slave trade | A practice, primarily during the 18th century, in which European ships transported slaves from Africa to the Caribbean Islands, molasses from the Caribbean to Europe, and trade goods from Europe to Africa. | 14 | |
| 1043932404 | anocracy | A country that is not fully democratic or fully autocratic, but rather displays a mix of the two types. (see warlords in Somalia) | 15 | |
| 1043932405 | autocracy | A country that is run according to the interests of the ruler rather than the interests of the people. (see Russia's former dictatorship) | 16 | |
| 1043932406 | balance of power | A condition of roughly equal strength between opposing countries or alliances of countries. (see Star Trek: TOS episode 'Balance of Power' arms race with the Klingons) | 17 | |
| 1043932407 | boundary | An invisible line that marks the extent of a state's territory. (synonymous with border) | 18 | |
| 1043932408 | city-state | A sovereign state comprising a city and its immediately surrounding countryside. (see Vatican City) | 19 | |
| 1043932409 | colonialism | An attempt by one country to establish settlements and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles in another territory. (see 1600's England, Portugal, France, Netherlands) | 20 | |
| 1043932410 | colony | A territory that is legally tied to a sovereign state rather than completely independent. (see former North America) | 21 | |
| 1043932411 | compact state | A state in which the distance from the center to any boundary does not vary significantly. (see El Salvador) | 22 | |
| 1044263529 | democracy | A country in which citizens elect leaders and can run for office. (see United States) | 23 | |
| 1044263530 | elongated state | A state with a long, narrow shape. (see Chile) | 24 | |
| 1044263531 | federal state | An internal organization of a state that allocates most powers to units of local government/An union of partially self-governing states under a central government. (synonymous with federation) (see European Union) | 25 | |
| 1044263532 | fragmented state | A state that includes several fragmented pieces of territory. (see US (Alaska)) | 26 | |
| 1044263533 | frontier | A zone separating two states in which neither state exercises political control. | 27 | |
| 1044263534 | gerrymandering | The process of redrawing political boundaries for the purposes of benefiting the party in power. (see gerrymandering in Los Angeles) | 28 | |
| 1044263535 | landlocked state | A state that does not have a direct outlet to the sea. (see Ethiopia, Serbia) | 29 | |
| 1044263536 | microstate | A state that encompasses a very small land area. (see Vatican City) | 30 | |
| 1044263537 | multiethnic state | A state that contains more than one ethnicity. (see United States) | 31 | |
| 1044263538 | multinational state | A state that contains two or more ethnic groups with traditions of self-determination that agree to coexist peacefully by recognizing each other as distinct nationalities. (see Canada (Quebec, First Nation, etc)) | 32 | |
| 1044263539 | nation-state | A state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity that has been transformed into a nationality. | 33 | |
| 1044263540 | perforated state | A state that completely surrounds another one. | 34 | |
| 1044263541 | prorupted state | An otherwise compact state with a large projecting extension. | 35 | |
| 1044263542 | self-determination | The concept that ethnicities have the right to govern themselves. (see Mongolia's independence from China) | 36 | |
| 1044263543 | sovereignity | Ability of a state to govern its territory free from control of its internal affairs by other states. (see United States) | 37 | |
| 1044263544 | state | An area organized into a political unit and ruled by an established government that has control over its internal and external affairs. (synonymous with country) | 38 | |
| 1044263545 | terrorism | The systematic use of violence by a group in order to intimidate a population or coerce a government into granting its demands. (see 9/11) | 39 | |
| 1044263546 | unitary state | An internal organization of a state that places most power in the hands of central government officials. (see United Kingdom's Parliament) | 40 | |
| 1050251452 | prejudice | An idea about group of people that is applied to all members of the group, and unlikely to change regardless of the evidence against it. | 41 | |
| 1050251453 | discrimination | The unequal treatment of individuals because of their social group. | 42 | |
| 1050251454 | institutional discrimination | Discrimination carried out systematically by social institutions, pervasive throughout today's society. | 43 | |
| 1050251455 | redlining | When loan companies discriminate in the housing market, creating segregated neighborhoods as a result. (see Philadelphia's ethnic sections) | 44 | |
| 1050251456 | white flight | When whites leave a neighborhood or city in anticipation of black migration to that place. (see modern Detroit's migration patterns) | 45 | |
| 1050251457 | Jim Crow laws | Laws in the South that advocated the "separate but equal" treatment of black residents. (see Skeeter's booklet in 'The Help') | 46 | |
| 1050251458 | Plessy v. Ferguson | An United States Supreme Court decision upholding the constitutionality of state laws requiring racial segregation in public facilities under the doctrine of "separate but equal". | 47 | |
| 1050251459 | Brown v. Board of Education | An United States Supreme Court case in which the Court declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students unconstitutional. The decision overturned the Plessy v. Ferguson decision of 1896, which allowed state-sponsored segregation. | 48 | |
| 1056475993 | stateless nation | cultural group that has no nation (see Hmong) | 49 | |
| 1056475994 | nation | culturally defined term: a group with a shared culture/history (synonymous with ethnicity) | 50 | |
| 1056475995 | multistate nation | an ethnic group residing in multiple states (see Kurds) | 51 | |
| 1056475996 | geometric boundary | boundary drawn using grid systems, often straight lines (see US/Canadian northwestern border) | 52 | |
| 1056475997 | physical-political boundary | based on physical features (see Chilean/Argentinian Andes Mtns. eastern border) | 53 |
