Language
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| 12199173112 | Accent | A distinctive mode of pronunciation of a language, especially one associated with a particular nation, locality, or social class. | 0 | |
| 12199173113 | Dialect | A particular form of a language that is particular to a specific region or social group. |  | 1 |
| 12199173114 | Extinct Language | An extinct language is a language that no longer has any speakers, or that is no longer in current use. |  | 2 |
| 12199173115 | Ideogram | A written character symbolizing the idea of a thing without indicating the sounds used to say it. An Example: 6 (six) |  | 3 |
| 12199173116 | Isogloss | A geographic boundary line delimiting the area in which a given linguistic feature occurs. |  | 4 |
| 12199173117 | Isolated Language | a natural language with no demonstrable genealogical (or "genetic") relationship with other languages; that is, one that has not been demonstrated to descend from an ancestor common with any other language. i.e A language family with only one language. |  | 5 |
| 12199173118 | Language Branch | A Subsection of a Language Family. i.e The Romance "-------" of the Indo-European language family. |  | 6 |
| 12199173119 | Language | The method of human communication, either spoken or written, consisting of the use of words in a structured and conventional way. |  | 7 |
| 12199173120 | Language Group | A Collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and display relatively few differences in grammar and vocabulary. |  | 8 |
| 12199173121 | Language Family | A collection of languages related to each other through a common ancestor long before recorded history |  | 9 |
| 12199173122 | Indo European language family | Largest language family that includes English and most other languages in the Western Hemisphere. Also used in South and Southwest Asia. |  | 10 |
| 12199173123 | Sino-Tibetan Language Family | 2nd largest language family. Includes Madarin, Thai, Cantonese and Burmese |  | 11 |
| 12199173124 | Lingua Franca | A Language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages, A term deriving from "Frankish language" and applying to a tongue spoken in ancient Mediterranean ports that consisted of a mixture of Italian, French, Greek, Spanish, and even some Arabic. Today it refers to a "common language," a language used among speakers of different languages for the purposes of trade and commerce. |  | 12 |
| 12199173125 | Literary Tradition | A Language that is written as well as spoken | 13 | |
| 12199173126 | Monolingual State | The condition of being able to speak only a single language, Countries in which only one language is spoken. |  | 14 |
| 12199173127 | Bilingual | The ability to speak two languages |  | 15 |
| 12199173128 | Multilingual State | The ability to speak multiple languages, Countries in which more than one language is spoken. |  | 16 |
| 12199173129 | Official Language | The language adopted for use by the government for the conduct of business and publication of documents, In multilingual countries the language selected, often by the educated and politically powerful elite, to promote internal cohesion; usually the language of the courts and government. |  | 17 |
| 12199173130 | Orthography | The conventional spelling system of a language. |  | 18 |
| 12199173131 | Pidgin Language | A Form of speech that adopts a simplified grammar and limited vocabulary of a lingua franca, used for communications among speakers of two different languages, When parts of two or more languages are combined in a simplified structure and vocabulary. |  | 19 |
| 12199173132 | Standard Language | The form of a language used for official government business, education, and mass communications. |  | 20 |
| 12199173133 | Toponym | a place name or a word derived from the name of a place |  | 21 |
| 12199173134 | Trade Language | A language, especially a pidgin, used by speakers of different native languages for communication in commercial trade. |  | 22 |
| 12199173135 | Vernacular | Using a language or dialect native to a region or country rather than a literary, cultured, or foreign language. It is usually the language of the common people. | 23 | |
| 12199173136 | Creole | a mother tongue formed from the contact of two languages through an earlier pidgin stage, A language that began as a pidgin language but was later adopted as the mother tongue by a people in place of the mother tongue. |  | 24 |
| 12199173137 | Denglish | The term is used in all German-speaking countries to refer to the increasingly strong influx of macaronic (slang) English or pseudo-English vocabulary into German. |  | 25 |
| 12199173138 | Franglais | a form of French using many words and idioms borrowed from English. |  | 26 |
| 12199173139 | Ebonics | American black English regarded as a language in its own right rather than as a dialect of standard English |  | 27 |
| 12199173140 | Spanglish | a hybrid language combining words and idioms from both Spanish and English, especially Spanish speech that uses many English words and expressions. |  | 28 |
| 12199173141 | language | A set of sounds, combination of sounds, and symbols that are used for communication. | 29 | |
| 12199173142 | Mutual intelligibility | The ability of two people to understand each other when speaking. | 30 | |
| 12199173143 | Standard language | The variant of a language that a country's political and intellectual elite seek to promote as the norm for use in schools, government, the media, and other aspects of public life. | 31 | |
| 12199173144 | Dialect chains | A set of contiguous dialects in which the dialects nearest to each other at any place in the chain are most closely related. | 32 | |
| 12199173145 | Language families | Group of languages with a shared but fairly distant origin. | 33 | |
| 12199173146 | Subfamilies | Divisions within a language family where the commonalities are more definite and the origin is more recent. | 34 | |
| 12199173147 | Cognate | A word that has the same linguistic derivation as another word (i.e., the word comes from the same root as another word). | 35 | |
| 12199173148 | Proto-Indo-European | Linguistic hypothesis proposing the existence of an ancestral Indo-European language that is the hearth of the ancient Latin, Greek, and Sanskrit languages; this hearth would link modern languages from Scandinavia to North Africa and from North America through parts of Asia to Australia. | 36 | |
| 12199173149 | Proto-Eurasiatic | Linguistic hypothesis proposing the existence of a language or group of languages that predated, and gave rise to, Proto-Indo-European and other language families with Eurasian origins. | 37 | |
| 12199173150 | Language divergence | The opposite of language convergence; a process suggested by German linguist August Schleicher whereby new languages are formed when a language breaks into dialects due to a lack of spatial interaction among speakers of the language and continued isolation eventually causes the division of the language into discrete new languages. | 38 | |
| 12199173151 | Backward reconstruction | The tracking of sound shifts and hardening of consonants "backward" toward the original language. | 39 | |
| 12199173152 | Language convergence | The collapsing of two languages into one resulting from the consistent spatial interaction of peoples with different languages; the opposite of language divergence. | 40 | |
| 12199173153 | Romance languages | Languages (French, Spanish, Italian, Romanian, and Portuguese) that lie in the areas that were once controlled by the Roman Empire but were not subsequently overwhelmed. | 41 | |
| 12199173154 | Slavic languages | Languages (Russian, Polish, Czech, Slovak, Ukrainian, Slovenian, Serbo-Croatian, and Bulgarian) that developed as Slavic people migrated from a base in present-day Ukraine close to 2000 years ago. | 42 | |
| 12199173155 | Global language | The language used most commonly around the world; defined on the basis of either the number of speakers of the language, or prevalence of use in commerce and trade. | 43 | |
| 12199173156 | Place | The fourth theme of geography as defined by the Geography Educational National Implementation Project: uniqueness of a location. | 44 |
