Language
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| 8160368660 | Dialect | A regional variation of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation, particular to a specific region or social group. |  | 0 |
| 8160368663 | Isogloss | A geographic boundary line delimiting the area in which a given linguistic feature occurs. |  | 1 |
| 8160368668 | Language Family | A collection of languages related to each other through a common ancestor long before recorded history. The trunk of the language tree, from which language branches come from. |  | 2 |
| 8160368669 | Indo European language family | Largest language family that includes English and most other languages in the Western Hemisphere. Also used in South and Southwest Asia. Includes the Germanic branch, Indo-Iranian branch, Balto-Slavic branch, and Romance branch. |  | 3 |
| 8160368671 | Lingua Franca | A Language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages (currently English worldwide). |  | 4 |
| 8160368673 | Monolingual | A country in which only one language is spoken (i.e. Japan, Korea) |  | 5 |
| 8160368675 | Multilingual | A country in which more than one language is in use (India, Nigeria, Belgium, Switzerland) |  | 6 |
| 8160368676 | Official Language | The language adopted for use by the government for the conduct of business and publication of documents, a language that is given special legal status. |  | 7 |
| 8160368678 | Pidgin Language | A Form of speech that adopts a simplified grammar and limited vocabulary of a lingua franca, used for communications among speakers of two different languages. |  | 8 |
| 8160368679 | Standard Language | The specific form of a language used for official government business, education, and mass communications. |  | 9 |
| 8160368680 | Toponym | The name of a place, often reflecting that place's history and culture. |  | 10 |
| 8160368682 | Creole | A language that results from the mixing of a colonizer's language with the indigenous language of the people being dominated. Developed out of an earlier pidgin stage. |  | 11 |
| 8160368689 | Romance Branch | A language branch of the Indo-European Language Family. This branch includes languages that evolved from Latin (the language of the Romans). The 5 main languages include: Spanish, Portuguese, French, Italian, and Romanian. | 12 | |
| 8160368700 | conquest theory | Proposed by Marija Gimbutas, this theory argues the Proto-Indo-European language diffused by military conquest as nomadic herders on horseback (Kurgans) invaded west from the Asian Steppe ( border between Russia and Kazakhstan) around 4300 B.C in search of grasslands. | 13 | |
| 8160368701 | Renfrew Theory | Proposed by Colin renfrew, this theory argues the Proto-Indo-European language diffused by way of agriculktural practices from Anatolia (Turkey) in 6300 BC. | 14 | |
| 8160368703 | Language Divergence | When a lack of spatial interaction (isolation) among speakers of a language breaks the language into dialects and then new languages. | 15 | |
| 8160368704 | Language Convergence | When peoples with different languages have consistent spatial interaction and their languages collapse into one (i.e. pidgin and creole). | 16 | |
| 8160368705 | Backward Reconstruction | When linguists track sound shifts and the hardening of consonants backward to reveal an "original" language. | 17 | |
| 8164139772 | mutual intelligibility | relationship between languages or dialects in which speakers of different but related varieties can readily understand each other | 18 |
