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| 9775152736 | takes up less than 1 percent of the urban land area, yet contains a large percentage of the services offered in the city. | CBD | 0 | |
| 9775152737 | 3 types of services offered in CBD | 1. Public 2. Consumer 3. Business | 1 | |
| 9775152738 | Examples: city hall, courts, county and state agencies, and libraries.. Centrally located for ease of accessibility to all residents Sports centers and conventions centers are often downtown to stimulate commerce in the CBD. | Public Services | 2 | |
| 9775152739 | Examples: advertising agencies, banks, financial institutions, and law firms. Proximity to other service providers for businesses promotes collaboration and face-to-face meetings. | Business Services | 3 | |
| 9775152740 | Created in 1923 by sociologist E.W. Burgess | Concentric Zone Model | 4 | |
| 9775152741 | First model to explain the distribution of different social groups within urban areas | Concentric Zone Model | 5 | |
| 9775152742 | Model suggests that a city grows outward from a central area in a series of concentric rings. | Concentric Zone Model | 6 | |
| 9775152743 | In concentric zone model, this is where innermost ring where nonresidential activities occur. | CBD | 7 | |
| 9775152744 | area eventually consumed by CBD | Zone of Transition | 8 | |
| 9775152745 | Zone of Working-Class Homes | modest, older houses | 9 | |
| 9775152746 | Zone of Better Residence | : newer, larger houses for middle-class families | 10 | |
| 9775152747 | Commuter Zone | beyond the continuous built-up | 11 | |
| 9775152818 | Draw the Concentric Zone Model |  | 12 | |
| 9775152748 | Created by land economist Homer Hoyt in 1939. | Sector model | 13 | |
| 9775152749 | Model that posits a city develops in a series of sectors, not rings. | Sector Model | 14 | |
| 9775152750 | As a city grows, activities expand outward in a wedge, or sector, from the center. | Sector Model | 15 | |
| 9775152819 | Draw the sector model |  | 16 | |
| 9775152751 | Created by geographers C. D. Harris and E. L. Ullman in 1945 | Multiple nuclei model | 17 | |
| 9775152752 | Model posits that a city is a complex structure that includes more than one center around which activities revolve. | Multiple nuclei model | 18 | |
| 9775152753 | Examples of Multiple nuclei model nuclei. | Ports Universities Airports Parks | 19 | |
| 9775152820 | Draw the multiple nuclei model |  | 20 | |
| 9775152754 | Purpose of urban models | The models of urban structure help us understand where people with different social characteristics tend to live and why. | 21 | |
| 9775152755 | Problems with urban models | Critics point out that the models are too simple and may be too dated to explain contemporary urban patterns in the U.S. or in other countries. | 22 | |
| 9775152756 | What trend do geographers see in models? | Combining the models help geographers explain where different types of people live in a city. They suggest that most people prefer to live near others who have similar characteristics. | 23 | |
| 9775152757 | Chauncy Harris (Harris and Ullman) in 1960 | Galactic model | 24 | |
| 9775152758 | Inner city, surrounded by large suburban residential and business areas | Galactic Model | 25 | |
| 9775152759 | What is the galactic model tied together by? | Tied together by transportation nodes A beltway or ring road to avoid traffic congestion | 26 | |
| 9775152760 | Represents the decentralization of the urban area | galactic model | 27 | |
| 9775152761 | Shows an Increase in edge cities Transition to a post-industrial society (fewer 2nd sector jobs, more 3rd, 4th sector jobs) | galactic model | 28 | |
| 9775152821 | Draw the galactic model |  | 29 | |
| 9775152762 | James E. Vance Jr. in 1960 | urban realms model | 30 | |
| 9775152763 | City has been decentralized and edge cities are now the center of realms which surround the city Each realm is a separate economic, social, and political entity Linked together to form a large metro framework | urban realms model | 31 | |
| 9775152764 | Main CBD is no longer influential | Urban realms model | 32 | |
| 9775152765 | Realms become "exurbs," not just suburbs So far away from a city they really can't be called suburbs anymore | Urban Realms model | 33 | |
| 9775152766 | Example of urban realms model | San Francisco Bay Area | 34 | |
| 9775152822 | Draw the urban realms model |  | 35 | |
| 9775152767 | Ford-Griffin Model | Latin America City Model | 36 | |
| 9775152768 | City Life" Cultural norm in Latin America (primate cities) | Latin America City Model | 37 | |
| 9775152769 | Most jobs downtown Commute to CBD developing country | Latin America City Model | 38 | |
| 9775152770 | Two parts Modernized CBD Traditional "market" - small, street-oriented businesses | Latin America City Model | 39 | |
| 9775152771 | "Spine" Continuation of feautres of city center along a main wide street (upper-middle-class housing) connecting elite commercial zone | Latin America City Model | 40 | |
| 9775152772 | Barrios and Favelas (slums) Outskirts of the city Transition zones of in situ accretion when times are good | Latin America City Model | 41 | |
| 9775152773 | CBD has both traditional and modern elements | Latin America City Model | 42 | |
| 9775152774 | High class homes surround CBD, "Spine," and Mall | Latin America City Model | 43 | |
| 9775152775 | Common to find massive peripheries | Latin America City Model | 44 | |
| 9775152776 | (de Blij, 1968 | Subsaharan African City Model | 45 | |
| 9775152777 | Name and describe the 3 CBDs of Subsaharan African City Model | Colonial CBD (most vertical development) Transitional CBD (commerce from the curbside or storefront in single-story buildings) Informal and periodic market zone (usually open air) | 46 | |
| 9775152823 | Draw the Latin American City Model |  | 47 | |
| 9775152778 | Quality of residences tends to get poorer as you move towards the periphery | Subsaharan African City Model | 48 | |
| 9775152779 | Mining and manufacturing areas reflect the nature of the types of jobs found in Africa Lack of elite, middle-class, or gentrification zones tells of the lack development | Subsaharan Africa City Model | 49 | |
| 9775152780 | Ethnic neighborhoods reflect the tribalism that exists throughout Africa | Subsaharan Africa City Model | 50 | |
| 9775152824 | Subsaharan Africa City Model |  | 51 | |
| 9775152781 | Rapid population growth and in cities. 1950-15% urban, 1990s, 29% urban | SE Asian City | 52 | |
| 9775152825 | Draw SE Asian City Model |  | 53 | |
| 9775152782 | Example of SE Asian City Model | Ho Chi Minh City | 54 | |
| 9775152783 | Precolonial Cities | Before the Europeans established colonies, most people lived in rural settlements. There were but a few principal cities in Latin America, Africa, and Asia. Examples In present-day Mexico, the Aztecs built the city Tenochtitlan, where present-day Mexico City is located. | 55 | |
| 9775152784 | Colonial Cities | When European colonization gained control of Latin America, Asia, and Africa, they expanded the existing cities to provide colonial services Examples include: Administration Military Command International Trade Housing for European Settlers | 56 | |
| 9775152785 | Cities Since Independence | Following independence, cities have become the focal points of change. Millions of migrants have arrived to them in search of work. In some cities, such as Mexico City, previous social patterns from the previous century were reinforced. | 57 | |
| 9775152786 | city/central city | an urban settlement that has been legally incorporated into an independent, self-governing unit. | 58 | |
| 9775152787 | urban area | a dense core of census tracts, densely settled suburbs, and low-density land that links the dense suburbs with the core. The census recognizes two types of urban areas | 59 | |
| 9775152788 | urbanized area | an urban area with at least 50,000 inhabitants. | 60 | |
| 9775152789 | urban cluster | an urban area with between 2,500 and 50,000 inhabitants. | 61 | |
| 9775152790 | metropolitan statistical area (MSA) | The U.S. Bureau of the Census has created a method of measuring the functional area of a city It includes: An urbanized area with a population of at least 50,000 The county within which the city is located Adjacent counties with a high population density and a large percentage of residents working in the central city's county. | 62 | |
| 9775152791 | Overlapping Metropolitan Areas | Some adjacent MSAs overlap so that they now form one continuous urban complex. Example: Extending north of Boston to South of Washington D.C., geographer Jean Gottmann named this region Megalopolis, a Greek word meaning "great city". | 63 | |
| 9775152792 | Local Government Fragmentation | Most U.S. metropolitan areas have a council of government, which is a cooperative agency consisting of various local government representatives. Purpose may be to do some overall planning for the area that cannot be performed by a single local government. | 64 | |
| 9775152793 | Annexation | Many U.S. cities grew rapidly in the 19th century, because they offered better services than available in the rural countryside (e.g. water supply, sewage disposal, etc.) | 65 | |
| 9775152794 | Density Gradient | U.S. tend to become less and less dense as one ventures farther from the city's center | 66 | |
| 9775152795 | Cost of Suburban Sprawl | A flattening of the density gradient for a metropolitan area means that its people and services are spread out over a larger area. | 67 | |
| 9775152796 | sprawl | the progressive spread of development over the landscape | 68 | |
| 9775152797 | The modern residential suburb is segregated in two ways: | 1. Social Class 2. Land uses | 69 | |
| 9775152798 | Social Class | Similarly priced houses are typically built in close proximity to one another, thus attracting a specific range of income earners. | 70 | |
| 9775152799 | Residents are separated from commercial and manufacturing activities that are confined to compact, distinct areas. Zoning ordinances enacted in the early 20th century have contributed most notably to the segregation of land uses associated with suburban areas. | Land Uses | 71 | |
| 9775152800 | Motor Vehicles | Cars and trucks permitted large-scale development of suburbs at greater distances from the city center. Motor vehicles use a considerable amount of space in U.S. cities. An average city allocated about ¼ of its land to roads and parking lots. Multilane freeways cut a 23-meter (75-foot) path through the heart of a city, and elaborate interchanges consume even more space. Valuable land in the central city is devoted to parking cars and trucks. | 72 | |
| 9775152801 | Car of the future | Motor vehicles are one of the greatest challenges to reducing pollution in congested urban areas. Automakers are scrambling to bring alternative-fuel vehicles to the market | 73 | |
| 9775152802 | Diesel fuel | Diesel engines burn fuel more efficiently. Biodiesel fuel can be produced partly with vegetable oils or recycled restaurant grease. | 74 | |
| 9775152803 | Hybrid | Energy that would be otherwise wasted when coasting and braking is reduced, because an electric engine takes over during those instances | 75 | |
| 9775152804 | Ethanol | Fuel made by distilling crops, such as sugarcane, corn, and soybeans. Critics question whether the amount of energy put into growing the crops is not equal to, if not more than, the amount of energy derived from them as fuel. | 76 | |
| 9775152805 | Plug-in Hybrid | Electric motor supplies the power at all speeds. Gas engine can recharge the battery, as well as plugging the car into an electrical outlet. | 77 | |
| 9775152806 | Hydrogen Fuel Cell | Hydrogen forced through a PEM (polymer electrolyte membrane or proton exchange membrane) combines with oxygen from the air, producing an electric charge. | 78 | |
| 9775152807 | Public Transit Benefits and Limitations | Benefits In larger cities, public transit is better suited than motor vehicles to move large numbers of people, because each transit traveler takes up less space. More cost effective than privately operated vehicles Emits relatively less pollutants than privately operated vehicles More energy efficient than privately operated vehicles Limitations Most people in the U.S. overlook the benefits of public transit, because they place higher value on the privacy and flexibility of schedule offered by a car. Not offered in most U.S. cities | 79 | |
| 9775152808 | Filtering | Large houses in older neighborhoods are subdivided into smaller dwellings for low-income families, through a process known as filtering. Over time, landlords cease maintaining the properties when they are no longer economically feasible. | 80 | |
| 9775152809 | Redlining | Some banks engage in redlining- drawing lines on a map to identify areas in which they will refuse to loan money to purchase or to fix up a house. Redlining is illegal but difficult to enforce | 81 | |
| 9775152810 | Public Housing | During the mid-twentieth century, many substandard inner-city houses were demolished and replaced with public housing- housing reserved for low-income households, who must pay 30 percent of their income for rent. A housing authority, established by the local government, manages the buildings, and the federal government pays for all expenses not covered by rent. Most of the high-rise public housing projects built in the U.S. and Europe at this time are now considered unsatisfactory for families with children. | 82 | |
| 9775152811 | Gentrification | Gentrification is the process by which middle-class people move into deteriorated inner-city neighborhoods and renovate the housing. Most U.S. cities have at least one substantially renovated inner-city neighborhood where middle-class people live. Middle class-families attracted by some of the following: Houses may have more architectural character than those in the suburbs. Proximity to cultural and recreational activities Commuting time reduced to CBD | 83 | |
| 9775152812 | Underclass | Inner-city residents are frequently referred to as permanent underclass, because they are trapped in an unending cycle of economic and social problems. Suffers from relatively higher rates of unemployment, alcoholism, drug addiction, illiteracy, juvenile delinquency, and crime. Children often attend deteriorated schools Affordable housing is difficult to secure Tend to ignore good learning habits, regular school attendance, and completion of homework; the tendencies needed to elevate one's self out of the underclass. | 84 | |
| 9775152813 | Culture of Poverty | Inner-city residents are trapped as a permanent underclass, because they live in a culture of poverty. Characterized by: Unwed mothers giving birth to ¾ of the babies in the U.S. inner-city neighborhoods ¾ of children in the inner city live with only one parent Relatively higher usage of drugs. | 85 | |
| 9775152814 | The Eroding Tax Base | Low-income inner-city residents require public services, but they pay little of the taxes needed to fund the public services. Cities have two choices to close the gap between the cost of operating public services and the funding made available by taxing. Reduce Services Raise Tax Revenues | 86 | |
| 9775152815 | The Impact of the Recession | Housing market collapse in 2008 was one of principal causes of the severe recession. Lower assessed values of houses led to lower tax revenues acquired from property taxes. | 87 | |
| 9775152816 | foreclosure | When borrowers cease paying their mortgages, lenders can take over the property | 88 |
