Unit 2 Copeland Vocabulary
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| 298767307 | Martha Sharma | Recently retired from the National Cathedral School in Washington, D.C., after teaching geography there for 21 years. A former member of the AP Human Geography Development Committee, she is currently president of the National Council for Geographic Education. She is also the content adviser for AP Human Geography | |
| 298767308 | Retired teacher | Withdrawn from one's occupation; having finished one's active working life | |
| 298767309 | Hilton Head, South Carolina | An island off the southern coast of South Carolina in the Sea Islands of the Atlantic Ocean. It is a popular tourist resort. The town, on the northeast coast, has a population of 33,800. | |
| 298767310 | Age distribution | A model used in population geography that describes the ages and number of males and females within a given population; also called a population pyramid. | |
| 298767311 | Carrying capacity | Largest number of people that the environment of a particular area can sustainably support | |
| 298767312 | Cohort | Population group unified by a specific common characteristic, such as age, and subsequently treated as a statistical unit | |
| 298767313 | Demographic equation | The formula that calculates population change. The formula finds the increase (or decrease) in a population. The formula is found by doing births minus deaths plus (or minus) net migration. This is important because it helps to determine which stage in the demographic transition model a country is in | |
| 298767314 | Demographic momentum | this is the tendency for growing population to continue growing after a fertility decline because of their young age distribution. This is important because once this happens a country moves to a different stage in the demographic transition model | |
| 298767315 | Demographic regions | Regions grouped together by the stage of the demographic transition model that most countries in the region are in. Cape Verde (Africa) is in Stage 2 (High Growth), Chile (Latin America) is in Stage 3 (Moderate Growth), and Denmark (Europe) is in Stage 4 (Low Growth). This is important because it shows how different parts of the world are in different stages of the demographic transition | |
| 298767316 | Demographic Transition model | Sequence of demographic changes in which a country moves from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates through time | |
| 298767317 | Dependency ratio | ratio of the number of people who are either too old or young to provide for themselves to the number of people who must support them through their own labor. usually expressed in the form n:100, where n equals the number of dependents. | |
| 298767318 | Diffusion of fertility control | This is important because its shows how many kids a mother is having thus helping to see where the countries are growing rapidly and where countries are leveling off. Spread throughout the world. In the U.S it's below 2.1 in much of Africa it is above 4, if South America is between 2 and 3, in Europe it is below 2.1, in China and Russia it is below 2.1, and in much of the Middle East it is above 4. | |
| 298767319 | Disease diffusion | There are two types, contagious and hierarchical. Hierarchical is along high density areas that spread from urban to rural areas. Contagious is spread through the density of people. This is important in determining how the disease spread so you can predict how it will spread. | |
| 298767320 | Doubling time | Time period required for a population experiencing exponential growth to double in size completely | |
| 298767321 | Ecumene | The proportion of earths surface occupied by permanent human settlement. This is important because its tells how much of the land has been built upon and how much land is left for us to build on. | |
| 298767322 | Epidemiological Transition model | The theory that says that there is a distinct cause of death in each stage of the demographic transition model. It can help explain how a country's population changes so dramatically. | |
| 298767323 | Gendered space | areas or regions designed for men or women | |
| 298767324 | Infant mortality rate | percentage of children who die before their first birthday within a particular area or country | |
| 298767325 | J-curve | The shape of a line graph of population graph when growth is exponential | |
| 298767326 | Maladaptation | This is an adaptation that has become less helpful than harmful. This relates to human geography because it has become less and less suitable and more of a problem or hindrance in its own right, as time goes on. Which shows as the world changes so do the things surrounding it. | |
| 298767327 | Thomas Malthus | Author of Essay on the Principle of Population (1798) who claimed that population grows at an exponential rate while food production increases arithmetically, and thereby that, eventually, population growth would outpace food production | |
| 298767328 | Mortality | the rate at which people die | |
| 298767329 | Natality | This is the ratio of live births in an area to the population of that area; it is expressed as number of birth in year to every 1000 people alive in the society. This is important because it tells you the rate a country is having babies as well as how fast you can expect that population to grow. | |
| 298767330 | Neo-Malthusian | Advocay of population control programs to ensure enough resources for current and future populations | |
| 298767331 | Overpopulation | The number of a people in an area exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living. | |
| 298767332 | Population densities | a measurement of the number of persons per unit land area | |
| 298767333 | Population distributions | Description of locations on the Earth's surface where populations live. Geographers identify the three main properties as density, concentration, and pattern | |
| 298767334 | Population explosion | a sudden increase or burst in the population in either a certain geographical area or worldwide | |
| 298767335 | Population projection | predicts the future population of an area or the world. | |
| 298767336 | Population pyramid | model used in population geography to show the age and sex distribution of a particular population | |
| 298767337 | Rate of natural increase | the percentage growth of a population in a year, computed as the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate. | |
| 298767338 | S-curve | traces the cyclical movement upwards and downwards in a graph. depicts logistic growth. | |
| 298767339 | Sex ratio | the ratio of men to women | |
| 298767340 | Standard of living | refers to the quality and quantity of goods and services available to people and the way they are distributed within a population, A measure of quality of life based on the amounts and kinds of goods and services a person can buy | |
| 298767341 | Sustainability | The level of development that can be maintained without depleting resources. | |
| 298767342 | Underpopulation | it is the opposition to overpopulation and refers to a sharp drop or decrease in a region's population | |
| 298767343 | Zero population growth | Proposal to end population growth through a vairety of official and nongovernmental family planning programs | |
| 298767344 | Activity space | space allotted for a certain industry or activity | |
| 298767345 | Chain migration | Migration event in which individuals follow the migratory path of preceding friends or family members to an existing community | |
| 298767346 | Cyclic movement | trends in migration and other processes that have a clear cycle | |
| 298767347 | Distance decay | When contact between two groups diminishes because of the distance between them. | |
| 298767348 | Forced | Migration event in which individuals are forced to leave a country against their will | |
| 298767349 | Gravity model | A mathematical formula that describes the level of interaction between two places, based on the size of their populations and their distance from each other. | |
| 298767350 | Internal migration | permanent or semipermanent movement of individuals within a particular country | |
| 298767351 | Intervening opportunity | The idea that one place has a demand for some good or service and two places have a supply of equal price and qulaity, then the clsoer of the two suppliers represents this term, thereby blocking the thrid from being able to share its supply of goods or services. These are frequently utilized becasue transportation costs usually decrease with proximity | |
| 298767352 | Migration patterns | routes of movement for animals or people across or within a given area | |
| 298767353 | Intercontinental | extending or taking place between or among continents | |
| 298767354 | Interregional | permanent movement from one region of a country to another | |
| 298767355 | Rural-urban | permanent movement from an agrarian sparsely populated region to a densely populated metropolitan area | |
| 298767356 | Migratory movement | movement that consists of one person migrating from one place to another | |
| 298767357 | Periodic movement | motion that recurs over and over and the period of time required for each recurrence remains the same | |
| 298767358 | Personal space | the surrounding area over which a person makes some claim to privacy | |
| 298767359 | Place utility | adding value to products by having them where people want them | |
| 298767360 | Push-pull factors | Conditions that draw people to another location or cause people to leave their homelands and migrate to another region | |
| 298767361 | Refugee | People who leave their home because they are forced out, but not because they are officially relocated or enslaved | |
| 298767362 | Space-time prism | The set of all points that can be reached by an individual given a maximum possible speed from a starting point in space-time and an ending point in space-time | |
| 298767363 | Step migration | migration to a distant destination that occurs in stages, for example, from farm to nearby village and later to a town and city | |
| 298767364 | Transhumance | seasonal movement of livestock (as sheep) between mountain and lowland pastures either under the care of herders or in company with the owners | |
| 298767365 | Transmigration | the relocation of people away from overpopulated core regions to less crowded areas. (Indonesia has a policy of moving people away from Java.), to migrate in a particular season and return in another season | |
| 298767366 | Voluntary | Movement of an individual who consciously and voluntarily decides to loacate to a new area- the opposite of forced migration |
