Vocabulary: aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration, fermentation, oxidation, reduction, reducing agent, oxidizing agent, redox reaction, electron transport chain, NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide), glycolysis, Kreb cycle (citric acid cycle), oxidative phosphorylation, substrate-level phosphorylation, chemiosmosis, ATP synthase, cytochromes, proton-motive force, obligate aerobe, obligate anaerobe, facultative anaerobe, beta oxidation, biosynthesis
Objectives: After attending lectures and studying the chapter, the student should be able to:
1. Define cellular respiration.
a. State which organisms undergo cellular respiration.
b. Distinguish between the site of cellular respiration in prokaryotic cells and in eukaryotic cells.
c. Distinguish between the terms aerobic and anaerobic.
d. Write the general chemical equation for aerobic cellular respiration.
e. Write the general chemical equation for lactic acid fermentation and state which organisms can undergo this process.
f. Write the general chemical equation for alcohol fermentation and state which organisms can undergo this process.
2. Relating to cellular energy:
a. Explain the chemical energy relationship between glucose and ATP.
b. Explain the chemical energy role of ATP in driving cellular reactions.
c. Describe the structure of ATP, ADP, and AMP.
d.Explain why ATP is considered the "energy currency" of the cell and glucose is not.
e. State how many ATPs are produced from 1 glucose molecule during:
* aerobic cellular respiration in prokaryotic cells
* aerobic cellular respiration in eukaryotic cells
* fermentation
3. Describe the making of ATP through substrate-level phosphorylation.
4. Relating to oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport chain + chemiosmosis):
a. Define oxidation and reduction and describe the redox reactions of an electron transport chain.
b. Relate the redox reactions of an electron transport chain to the active transport of
hydrogen ions (H+) across a membrane.
c. Relate the active transport of H+ ions across a membrane to the formation of an electrochemical gradient.
d. Relate the electrochemical gradient to the facilitated diffusion of H+ ions across a
membrane.
e. Relate facilitated diffusion of H+ ions through the ATP synthase protein channel to
the making of ATP.
5. Relating to aerobic cellular respiration:
a. Describe the molecules ATP and NADH and distinguish between the different energy-storing roles of each.
b. Describe the process of glycolysis, including the major molecules involved and the
energy-storing molecules produced.
c. Describe the process of the transition reaction, including the major molecules involved
and the energy-storing molecules produced.
d. Describe the process of the Krebs cycle, including the major molecules involved and the energy-storing molecules produced, and explain why the Krebs cycle is considered a cycle.
e. Describe the roles of NADH, FADH2, and O2 in the electron transport chain part of
oxidative phosphorylation.
f. Show the relationship between the electron transport chain, active transport, and facilitated diffusion in the oxidative phosphorylation process of making ATP.
g. State the specific locations of glycolysis, the transition reaction, the Krebs cycle, and
the oxidative-phosphorylation process in eukaryotic cells.
h. State the specific locations of glycolysis, the transition reaction, the Krebs cycle, and
the oxidative-phosphorylation process in prokaryotic cells.
i. State the number of ATPs produced during glycolysis, the transition reaction, the Krebs
cycle, and the oxidative-phosphorylation process.
j. Explain why aerobic cellular respiration results in 36 ATPs per glucose in eukaryotic cells and 38 ATPs per glucose in prokaryotic cells.
k. Relate glycolysis to lactic acid fermentation and alcohol fermentation.
6. Describe how organic molecules other than glucose (specifically proteins, fats, and
nucleic acids) can be a source of energy by being broken down and used during glycolysis,
the transition reaction, or the Krebs cycle.
| 1052539609 | Catabolic pathways yield energy by oxidizing organic fuels | Catabolic pathways are a set of metabolic pathways that breaks down molecules into smaller units to release energy | |
| 1052539610 | Compare and contrast aerobic and anaerobic respiration | Both processes include glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidated phosphorylation. In aerobic respiration the final electron acceptor is molecular oxygen O2; in anaerobic respiration the final electron Accceptor is a different substance. | |
| 1052539611 | Describe the difference between the two processes in cellular respiration that produce ATP: oxidative phosphorylation and substrate-level phosphorylation | Most of the ATP produced in cellular respiration come from oxidative phosphorylation, in which the energy released from redox reactions in an electron transport chain is used to produce ATP. In substrate level phosphorylation, an enzyme dirctly transfers a phosphate group to ADP fro an intermediate substrate. All ATP production in glycolysis occurs by substrate-level phosphorylation, this form of ATP production also occurs at one step in the citric acid cycle. | |
| 1052539612 | Explain concept 9.2: Glycolysis harvests chemical energy by oxidizing glucose to pyruvate | ... |  |
| 1052539613 | During the redox reaction in glycolysis, which molecule acts as the oxidizing agent? Which molecule acts as the reducing agent? | NAD+ acts as the oxidizing agent in step 6, accepting electrons from glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, which thus acts as the reducing agent | |
| 1052539614 | During the redox reaction in glycolysis, Which molecule acts as the reducing agent? | glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, which acts as the reducing agent | |
| 1052539615 | What is the source of energy for the formation of ATP and NADH in glycolysis? | The oxidation of the three carbon sugar glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, yields energy. In this oxidation, electrons and H+ are transferred to NAD+, forming NADH, and a phosphate group is attached to the oxidized substrate. ATP is then formed b y substrate level phosphorylation when this phosphate group is transferred to ADP |  |
| 1052539616 | Explain concept 9.3: After pyruvate is oxidized, the citric acid cycle completes the energy yielding oxidation of organic molecules | ... | |
| 1052539617 | Name the molecules that conserve most of the energy from the citric acid cycle's redox reactions. How is this energy converted to a form that can be used to make ATP? | NADH and FADH2; they will donate electrons to the electron transport chain |  |
| 1052539618 | What processes in your cells produce the CO2 that you exhale | CO2 is released from the pyruvate that is the end product of glycoloysis, and CO2 is also released during the citric acid cycle | |
| 1052539619 | Briefly explain the mechanism by which ATP synthase produces ATP. List three locations in which ATP synthases are found. | ... |  |
| 1052539620 | Explain concept 9.5: Fermentation and anaerobic respiration enable cells to produce ATP without the use of oxygen | ... |  |
| 1052539621 | Relating to oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport chain + chemiosmosis): define oxidation and reduction and describe the redox reactions of an electron transport chain. | ... |  |
| 1052539622 | Relating to oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport chain + chemiosmosis): relate the electrochemical gradient to the facilitated diffusion of H+ ions across a membrane. | ... |  |
| 1052539623 | Relating to oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport chain + chemiosmosis): relate facilitated diffusion of H+ ions through the ATP synthase protein channel to the making of ATP. | ... | |
| 1052539624 | Relating to aerobic cellular respiration: describe the process of glycolysis, including the major molecules involved and the energy-storing molecules produced. | ... |  |
| 1052539625 | Relating to aerobic cellular respiration: describe the process of the Krebs cycle, including the major molecules involved and the energy-storing molecules produced, and explain why the Krebs cycle is considered a cycle. | ... | |
| 1052539626 | Relating to aerobic cellular respiration: describe the roles of NADH, FADH2, and O2 in the electron transport chain part of oxidative phosphorylation | ... |  |
| 1052539627 | Relating to aerobic cellular respiration: show the relationship between the electron transport chain, active transport, and facilitated diffusion in the oxidative phosphorylation process of making ATP. | ... | |
| 1052539628 | Relating to aerobic cellular respiration: state the number of ATPs produced during glycolysis, the transition reaction, the Krebs cycle, and the oxidative-phosphorylation process. | ... |  |
| 1052539629 | Fermentation | Partial degradation of sugars or other organic fuel that occurs without the use of oxygen |  |
| 1052539630 | Aerobic Respiration | Catabolic pathway in which oxygen is consumed as a reactant along with the organic fuel |  |
| 1052539631 | Cellular Respiration | Includes both aerobic and anaerobic processes |  |
| 1052539632 | Redox Reactions | A chemical reaction involving the complete or partial transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another; short for reduction-oxidation reaction |  |
| 1052539633 | Oxidation | The complete or partial loss of electrons from a substance involved in a redox reaction |  |
| 1052539634 | Reduction | The complete or partial addition of electrons to a substance involved in a redox reaction | |
| 1052539635 | Reducing Agent | The electron donor in a redox reaction | |
| 1052539636 | Oxidizing Agent | The electron receptor in a redox reaction |  |
| 1052539637 | NAD+ | Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme that cycles easily between oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH) states, thus acting as an electron carrier. |  |
| 1052539638 | Electron Transport Chain | A sequence of electron carrier molecules (membrane proteins) that shuttle electrons down a series of redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP |  |
| 1052539639 | Glycolysis | A series of reactions that ultimately splits glucose into pyruvate. Occurs in almost all living cells, serving as the starting point for fermentation or cellular respiration |  |
| 1052539640 | Oxidative Phosphorylation | The production of ATP using energy derived from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain; the third major stage of cellular respiration |  |
| 1052539641 | Substrate-level phosphorylation | The enzyme catalyzed formation of ATP by direct transfer of a phosphate group to ADP from an intermediate substrate in catabolism |  |
| 1052539642 | Acetyl CoA | Acetyl coenzyme A; the entry compound for the citric acid cycle in cellular respiration, formed from a fragment of pyruvate attached to a coenzyme. |  |
| 1052539643 | Cytochromes | An iron-containing protein that is a component of electron transport chains in the mitochondria and chloroplasts of eukaryotic cells and the plasma membranes of prokaryotic cells |  |
| 1052539644 | ATP Synthase | A complex of several membrane proteins that functions in chemiosmosis with adjacent electron transport chains, using the energy of a hydrogen ion (proton) concentration gradient to make ATP. ATP synthases are found in the inner mitochondrial membranes of eukaryotic cells and in the plasma membranes of prokaryotes. |  |
| 1052539645 | Chemiosmosis | An energy coupling mechanism that uses energy stored in the form of a hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane to drive cellular work; such as the synthesis of ATP. Under aerobic conditions, most ATP synthesis in cells occurs by chemiosmosis. |  |
| 1052539646 | Protonmotive Force | The potential energy stored in the form of a proton electrochemical gradient, generated by the pumping of hydrogen ions (H+) across a biological membrane during chemiosmosis. |  |
| 1052539647 | Alcohol Fermentation | Glycolysis followed by the reduction pyruvate to ethyl alcohol, regenerating NAD+ and releasing carbon dioxide |  |
| 1052539648 | Lactic Acid Fermentation | Glycolysis followed by the reduction of pyruvate to lactate, regenerating NAD+ with no release of of carbon dioxide. |  |
| 1052539649 | Facultative Anaerobes | An organism that makes ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present but that switches to anaerobic respiration or fermentation if oxygen is not present |  |
| 1052539650 | Beta Oxidation | A metabolic sequence that breaks fatty acids down to two-carbon fragments that enter the citric acid cycle as acetyl CoA |  |
| 1052539651 | What is pyruvate? | - The end product of glycolysis -The first step in cellular respiration - Stands in the junction between anaerobic and aerobic pathways |  |
