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| 5248989708 | crazed rhetoric | raised voices interrupting one another, exaggerated assertions without adequate support, and scanty evidence from sources that lack credibility | 0 | |
| 5249001819 | argument | a persuasive discourse, a coherent and considered movement from a claim to a conclusion | 1 | |
| 5249009468 | Rogerian arguments are based on... | the assumption that having a full understanding of an opposing position is essential to responding to it persuasively and refuting it in a way that is accommodating rather than alienating | 2 | |
| 5249016976 | What is the goal of Rogerian arguments? | not to destroy you opponents or dismantle their viewpoints but rather to reach a satisfactory compromise | 3 | |
| 5249025172 | claim | (also called an assertion or proposition) states the argument's main idea or position | 4 | |
| 5249030285 | how does a claim differ from a topic or a subject? | a claim has to be arguable (some must be able to agree while others may disagree) | 5 | |
| 5249042500 | 3 types of claims: | claims of fact, claims of value, claims of policy | 6 | |
| 5249048029 | each type of claim can be used to guide entire arguments, which we would call: | arguments of fact, arguments of value, arguments of policy | 7 | |
| 5249052015 | is there usually only one type of argument? | NO it is quite common for an argument to include more than one type of claim | 8 | |
| 5249054446 | claims of fact | assert that something is true or not true | 9 | |
| 5249062637 | arguments of fact often pivot on what exactly is ____ | "factual" | 10 | |
| 5249065046 | when are facts arguable? | when they are questioned, when they raise controversy, when they challenge people's beliefs | 11 | |
| 5249075785 | Whenever you are evaluating or writing an argument of fact, it's important to approach your subject with... | a healthy skepticism | 12 | |
| 5249094771 | we commonly see arguments of fact that... | challenge stereotypes or social beliefs | 13 | |
| 5249098134 | what is the most common type of claim? | claims of value | 14 | |
| 5249098135 | claim of value | argues that something is good or bad, right or wrong, desirable or undesirable | 15 | |
| 5249102818 | claims of value may be... | personal judgments based on taste, or they may be more objective evaluations based on external criteria | 16 | |
| 5249112205 | to develop an argument from a claim of value, you must establish... | specific criteria or standards and then show to what extent the subject meets your criteria | 17 | |
| 5249118724 | what are examples of arguments developed from claims of value? | entertainment reviews of movies, television shows, concerts, books | 18 | |
| 5249169837 | claim of policy | any time you propose a change | 19 | |
| 5249173726 | how does an argument of policy generally begin? and how does it continue? | with a definition of the problem (a claim of fact), explains why it is a problem (claim of value), and then explains the change that needs to happen (claim of policy) | 20 | |
| 5249184613 | while an argument of policy usually calls for some direct action to take place, it may be a ... | recommendation for a change in attitude or viewpoint | 21 | |
| 5249219688 | to develop a claim into a thesis statement, you have to... | be more specific about what you intend to argue | 22 | |
| 5249229965 | sometimes in formal essays the claim may be implicit, but in the formal essays that you will write for your classes, the claim is... | traditionally stated explicitly as a one-sentence thesis statement that appears in the introduction of your argument. | 23 | |
| 5249236011 | to be effective a thesis statement must.... | preview the essay by encapsulating in clear, unambiguous language the main point or points the writer intends to make | 24 | |
| 5249242920 | what are the types of thesis statements? | closed, open, and a thesis that includes the counterargument | 25 | |
| 5249245179 | closed thesis | a statement of the main idea of the argument that also previews the major points the writer intends to make. | 26 | |
| 5249248569 | why is a closed thesis "closed"? | it limits the number of points the writer will make | 27 | |
| 5249258199 | a closed thesis often includes (or implies) the word ____ | because | 28 | |
| 5249270565 | if you are writing a longer essay with 5, 6, or even more main points, which thesis is probably more effective? | open thesis | 29 | |
| 5249270566 | open thesis | one that does not list all the points the writer intends to cover in an essay | 30 | |
| 5249284225 | a variant of the open and closed thesis is the _______ _____ | counterargument thesis | 31 | |
| 5249285836 | counterargument thesis | a summary of a counterargument is usually qualified by although or but precedes the writer's opinion | 32 | |
| 5249297737 | what are advantages of a counterargument thesis? | immediately addresses the counterargument, makes an argument seem both stronger and more reasonable, create a seamless transition to a more thorough and concession and refutation of the counterargument later in the argument | 33 | |
| 5249327856 | the thesis that considers a counterargument can also lead to a position that is.... | a modification or qualification rather than an absolute statement of support or rejection | 34 | |
| 5249356216 | regardless of the type of evidence a writer chooses to use, it should always be: | relevant, accurate, and sufficient | 35 | |
| 5249358688 | relevant evidence | evidence that specifically applies to the argument being made | 36 | |
| 5249365302 | what does it mean to present accurate information? | taking care to quote sources correctly without misrepresenting what the sources are saying or taking the information out of context | 37 | |
| 5249371076 | what is one way to ensure that you have accurate evidence? | get it form a credible source | 38 | |
| 5249375816 | what is important to keep in mind when choosing accurate evidence? | consider potential bias | 39 | |
| 5249382812 | logical fallacies | potential vulnerabilities or weaknesses in an argument | 40 | |
| 5249392617 | where does the logical breakdown occur in most weak arguments? | the use of evidence | 41 | |
| 5249396070 | what is a more practical definition of a fallacy? | a failure to make a logical connection between the claim and the evidence used to support that claim | 42 | |
| 5249402510 | fallacies may be accidental, but they can also be used... | deliberately to manipulate or deceive | 43 | |
| 5249409336 | red herring | fallacies that result from using evidence that's irrelevant to the claim fall | 44 | |
| 5249417032 | when does a red herring occur? | when a speak skips to a new and irrelevant topic in order to avoid the topic of discussion | 45 | |
| 5249427006 | ad hominem (to the man) fallacy | a common type of red herring. Refers to the diversionary tactic of switching the argument from the issue at hand to the character of the other speaker (arguing against the person rather than the issue) (only a fallacy when the person's character is irrelevant) | 46 | |
| 5249455856 | what is the must vulnerable type of evidence and why? | analogy because it is always susceptible to the charge that two things are not comparable, resulting in a faulty analogy | 47 | |
| 5249473198 | when using an analogy, it is important to gauge whether the... | dissimilarities outweigh the similarities | 48 | |
| 5249482099 | advertisements sometimes draw faulty analogies to appeal to ___ | pathos | 49 | |
| 5249505375 | straw man fallacy | most common type of using evidence that is either intentionally or unintentionally inaccurate | 50 | |
| 5249510534 | when does a straw man fallacy occur? | when a speaker chooses a deliberately poor or oversimplifies example in order to ridicule and refute an opponent's viewpoint | 51 | |
| 5249522646 | either/or fallacy // false dilemma | another fallacy that results for using inaccurate evidence. In this fallacy, the speaker presents two extreme options as the only possible choices | 52 | |
| 5249546922 | the most common of fallacies occurs when evidence is not ___ | sufficient | 53 | |
| 5249546923 | hasty generalization | there is not enough evidence to support a particular conclusion | 54 | |
| 5249564486 | circular reasoning | repeating the claim as a way to provide evidence, resulting in no evidence at all | 55 | |
| 5249622649 | first-hand evidence | something you know whether it's from personal experience, anecdotes you've heard from others, observations or your general knowledge of events | 56 | |
| 5249640037 | what does personal experience add? | a human element and can be an effective way to appeals to pathos | 57 | |
| 5249683776 | first-hand evidence often includes ___ about other people that you've either observed or been old about | anecdotes | 58 | |
| 5249718545 | second-hand evidence | evidence that is accessed through research, reading, and investigation. It includes factual and historical information, expert opinion, quantitative data, and sometimes literary sources | 59 | |
| 5249729218 | what is the central appeal of second-hand evidence? | logos | 60 | |
| 5249732281 | any time you cite what someone else know, not what you know, you are using... | second-hand evidence | 61 | |
| 5249735336 | historical information | a type of second-hand evidence. Verifiable facts that a writer knows from research. Can provide background and context to current debates; it can also establish the writer's ethos because it shows that he or she has taken the time and effort to research the matter and become informed | 62 | |
| 5249756791 | what is a possible pitfall of using historical information? | historical events are complicated | 63 | |
| 5249770958 | historical information is also used to develop a point of ___ or ___ to a more contemporary situation | comparison or constrast | 64 | |
| 5249789398 | post hos ergo propter hoc fallacy | after which therefore because of which. What that means is that it is incorrect to claim that something is a cause just because it happened earlier. In other words, correlation does not imply causation | 65 | |
| 5249799621 | expert | somesone who has published research on a topic or whose job or experience gives him or her specialized knowledge. | 66 | |
| 5249816510 | appeal to false authority | occurs when someone who has no expertise to speak on an issue is cited as an authority. (A TV star is not a medical expert, even though pharmaceutical advertisements often use celebrity endorsements) | 67 | |
| 5249824965 | quantitative evidence | includes things that can be represented in numbers: statistics, surveys, polls, census information (appeals to logos) | 68 | |
| 5249847959 | bandwaggon appeal (or ad populum fallacy) | occurs when evidence boils down to "everybody's doing it, so it must be a good thing to do," | 69 | |
| 5249862541 | you can also use ___ and ___ as evidence to support and argument or as sources in a synthesis essay | poetry and fiction | 70 | |
| 5249868310 | Literary sources can help writers establish ____ by... | ethos by presenting themselves as educated and well-read | 71 | |
| 5249916352 | literature is very useful for: | acknowledging common ground, commenting on culture, and introducing or illustration key issues (but it should not be your only evidence) | 72 | |
| 5250054604 | What are the 5 parts of the classical oration? | 1) introduction (exordium) 2) narration (narratio) 3) confirmation (confirmatio) 4) refutation (refutatio) 5) conclusion (peroratio) | 73 | |
| 5250062894 | introduction (exordium) | introduces the reader to the subject under discussion. Whether it is a single paragraph or several, it draws the reader into the text by piquing their interest, challenging them, or otherwise getting their attention | 74 | |
| 5250077770 | the introduction is where the writer establishes ___ | ethos | 75 | |
| 5250077771 | narration (narratio) | provides factual information and background material on the subject at hand, establishing why the subject is a problem that needs addressing. | 76 | |
| 5250088302 | the level of detail in a narration depends on the... | audience's knowledge on the subject | 77 | |
| 5250092872 | the narration appeals to ____ because | pathos bc the writer attempts to evoke an emotional response about the importance of the issue being discussed | 78 | |
| 5250185241 | confirmation (confirmatio) | the major part of the text, includes the development or the proof needed to make the writer's case | 79 | |
| 5250195946 | the confirmation generally makes the strongest appeal to __ | logos | 80 | |
| 5250197563 | refutation (refutatio) | addresses the counterargument. it is the bridge between the writer's proof and conclusion. classically placed at end to avoid objections but if well-known counterargument, often placed at beginning | 81 | |
| 5250217668 | the refutation appeal is mostly to ___ | logos | 82 | |
| 5250219675 | conclusion (peroratio) | appeals to pathos and reminds the reader the ethos established earlier. Answers the question so what? | 83 | |
| 5250441310 | induction | arranging an argument so that it leads from particulars to universals, using specific cases to draw a conclusion | 84 | |
| 5250470412 | inductively developed arguments can never be said to be true or false, right or wrong, but rather ___ or ____ | strong or weak | 85 | |
| 5250516998 | deduction | reach a conclusion by starting with a general principle or universal truth (major premise) and apply it to a specific case (minor premise) | 86 | |
| 5250521984 | syllogism | how deductive reasoning is usually structured. it is a logical structure that uses the major premise and minor premise to reach a necessary conclusion. | 87 | |
| 5250544297 | the strength of deductive logic is that if... | the first 2 premises are true, then the conclusion is logically valid | 88 | |
| 5250557228 | usually in an essay, an induction is often use to verify a ___ ___ then that premise can become the ___ for deductive reasoning | minor premise // foundation | 89 | |
| 5250582154 | toulmin model | an approach to argument and a useful way of both analyzing and structuring an argument | 90 | |
| 5250596391 | what are the 6 elements of the toulmin model: | claim, support (evidence), warrant (the assumption), backing, qualifier, and reservation | 91 | |
| 5250598023 | how does toulmin define a claim? | a conclusion whose merits we are seeking to establish | 92 | |
| 5250601492 | warrant | expresses the assumption necessarily shared by the speaker and the audience | 93 | |
| 5250604546 | assumption | similar to the minor premise of syllogism, it links the claim to the evidence, in other words, if the speaker and audience do not share the sam assumption regarding the claim, all the evidence in the world won't be enough to sway them | 94 | |
| 5250615688 | backing | consists of further assurances or data without which the assumption lacks authority | 95 | |
| 5250620786 | qualifier | (when used, ex: usually, probably, maybe, in most cases) tempers the claim a bit, making it less absolute | 96 | |
| 5250626159 | reservation | explains the terms and conditions necessitated by the qualifier | 97 | |
| 5250629690 | rebuttal | in many cases it follows the argument and it gives voice to objections | 98 | |
| 5250634226 | toulmin model diagram | *rebutall -> reservation **see examples on page 127** |  | 99 |
| 5250641378 | a toulim analysis will follow this form: | because (evidence as support), therefore (claim), since (assumption), on account of (backing), unless (reservation) | 100 | |
| 5250647343 | if there is a qualifier it will precede __ ___ | the claim | 101 | |
| 5250703555 | the toulmin model shows us that assumption are the... | link between a claim and the evidence to support it | 102 | |
| 5250723275 | in order for an argument to be more effective, it is helpful if your audience shares your same ___ | assumptions | 103 | |
| 5250737095 | we can use the toulmin model to rewrite arguments following the template: | Because ____, (therefore) ____, since ____, on account of ____, unless _____. | 104 | |
| 5250754716 | slippery slope fallacy | argument in which a speaker asserts that one event will necessarily lead to another without showing any logical connection between the two events | 105 | |
| 5250779213 | checklist for analyzing/interpreting visual texts: | -Where di the visual first appear? Who is the audience? Who is the speaker or artist? Does this person have political or organizational affiliations that are important to understanding the text? -What do you notice first? Where is your eye drawn? What is your overall first impression? -What topic does the visual address or raise? What clim does the visual make about the topic? -Does the text tell or suggest a narrative or story? If so, what is the point? -What aspects of the image evoke emotions? Look especially at color, light and dark, shadow, realistic versus distorted or caricatured figures, and visual allusions. | 106 | |
| 5250943078 | why are photographs great mediums for persuasion and argumentation? | they are real. political cartoon never claimed to be real | 107 |
