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AP Language and Composition Flashcards

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4840857669Rhetorical TriangleThe relationships, in any piece of writing or argument, between the writer, audience, and the subject. All analysis of writing is essentially an analysis of the relationships between the points on the triangle.0
4840873545LogosLogical appeal1
4840873546EthosCredibility/character2
4840877799PathosEmotional appeal3
4840878935RhetoricThe art of effective communication4
4840880380SpeakerThe person delivering an argument5
4840888926AudienceThe people who hear an argument; those who you are persuade/are trying to persuade6
4840894815OccasionThe event or situation that triggers an argument7
4840899796SubjectWhat an argument is about8
4840905689ArgumentA course of reasoning meant to prove or disprove something, or convince an audience of something9
4840913556ContextThe circumstances surrounding a writing situation or argument. Includes purpose, audience, and focus10
4840918482CounterargumentA set of reasons put forward to oppose the ideas of an argument11
4840924460SchemeA deviation from the ordinary pattern or arrangement of words (transference of order)12
4840930054TropeA deviation from the ordinary and principal meaning of a word (transference of meaning)13
4840937158PurposeThe reason why a writer or speaker is making their argument; in an argument it is oftentimes to persuade an audience of something or manipulate the way an audience views something14
4840949704PropagandaInformation used to promote a particular point of view15
4840955426PunWhen a word that has two or more meanings is used in a humorous way ("I'm reading a book on anti-gravity; it's impossible to put down!")16
4840980541MetaphorMaking an implied comparison, not using "like" or "as" ("My feet are popsicles")17
4840984720SimileUsing words such as "like" or "as" to make a direct comparison between two different things ("My feet are so cold they feel like popsicles")18
4840988992PersonificationGiving human-like qualities to something that is not human ("the tired old truck groaned as it inched up the hill")19
4840994247IronyWhen the opposite of what you expect to happen does20
4840997413Verbal ironyWhen you say something but mean the opposite. (if you were going to run eight miles and your gym teacher said it would be a "walk in the park") If verbal irony is used with a bitter tone, it is sarcasm21
4841003604Dramatic ironyWhen the audience knows something a character does not22
4841006552Situational IronyFound in plots and story lines. When something happens differently than expected. Oftentimes humorous.23
4841013359HyperboleExaggeration24
4841015027SynecdocheFigure of speech in which a part stands for the whole (referring to a car as "wheels")25
4841033767MetonymyReplacing an actual word or idea, with a related word or concept ("I could not understand his tongue")26
4841082546OxymoronWhen apparently contradictory terms are grouped together and suggest a paradox ("jumbo shrimp")27
4841085872ParadoxA seemingly contradictory situation which is actually true ("You can't get a job without experience, and you can't get experience without a job")28
4841090825Rhetorical QuestionA question asked for effect rather than information ("Are you finished interrupting me?")29
4841097376OnomatopoeiaThe use of a word which imitates or suggests the sound that the thing makes ("snap")30
4841102125LitotesA type of understatement that denies the opposite of the statement which would otherwise be used ("not bad")31
4841106506ChiasmusWhen the same words are used twice in succession, but the second time, the order of words is reversed ("Fair is foul and foul is fair")32
4841115194AlliterationRepetition of initial or medial consonants in two or more adjacent words33
4841124661AssonanceThe repetition of similar vowel sounds ("Refresh your zest for living")34
4841135210ConsonanceThe repetition of the same consonant sound at the end of words or within words ("Some late visitor entreating entrance at my chamber door")35
4841146480AnaphoraRepetition of a word, phrase, or clause at the beginning of two or more sentences or clauses in a row. This is deliberate and makes a writer's or speaker's point more powerful ("I came, I saw, I conquered")36
4841206393ParallelismSentence structure which places equal grammatical constructions near each other, or repeats identical grammatical patterns. Used to add emphasis, organization, or pacing. ("Cinderella swept the floor, dusted the mantle, and beat the rugs")37
4841214757AsyndetonDeliberate omission of conjunctions between a series of words, phrases, or clauses ("I came, I saw, I conquered")38
4841236547AnastropheThe inversion of natural word order (Yoda)39
4841242685EuphemismA more agreeable or appropriate substitute for an unpleasant or offensive word or concept ("earthly remains" instead of "corpse")40
4841250271ApostropheWhen a speaker addresses someone or something that isn't present, such as a person, place, object, symbol such as the moon, or abstract concept like love41
4841269350PolysyndetonWhen a writer creates a list of items which are all separated by conjunctions. ("I walked the dog, and fed the cat, and milked the cows") This changes the pacing/speed of the text or speech42
4841281047UnderstatementThe ironic minimizing of fact, the presentation of something as less significant than it actually is43
5098056526declarativeassertive --a statement44
5098056595imperativeauthoritative --command45
5098060288interrogativeasks a question46
5098062838simple sentenceone subject and one verb47
5098062839loose sentencedetails after the subject and verb --happening now48
5098078923periodic sentencedetails before the subject/verb ---reflection on a past event49
5098086890juxtapositionnormally unassociated ideas, words, or phrases placed together50
5098098201telegraphicsentence less than 5 words51
5098100212medium sentence lengthabout 18 words52
5098104870long and involved sentence lengthover 30 words53
5098120383balanced sentencephrases or clauses balance each other on either side of a conjunction or semicolon54

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