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| 4898557551 | Ad hominem | 1. Appealing to prejudice and emotion rather than to reason. 2. Attacking the character, motives, etc. of an opponent rather than debating the issue on logical grounds. | 0 | |
| 4898557552 | Allegory | 1. A story in which people, things, and happenings have a hidden or symbolic meaning:used for teaching or explaining ideas, moral principles, etc. 2. The presenting of ideas by means of such stories. 3. Any symbol or emblem. | 1 | |
| 4898557553 | Alliteration | The repetition of sounds, especially initial consonant sounds in two or more neighboring words (as in "she sells sea shells"). Although the term is not used in the multiple-choice section, you can look for alliteration in any essay passage. The repetition can reinforce meaning, unify ideas, and/or supply a musical sound. | 2 | |
| 4898557554 | Allusion | A direct or indirect reference to something which is presumably commonly known, such as an event, book, myth, place, or work or art. Can be historical, (like referring to Hitler), literary (like referring to Kurtz in Heart of Darkness), religious (like referring to Noah and the flood), or mythical (like referring to Atlas). There are, of course, many more possibilities, and a work may simultaneously use multiple layers of allusion. | 3 | |
| 4898557555 | Ambiguity | The multiple meanings, either intentional or unintentional, of a word, phrase, sentence, or passage. | 4 | |
| 4898557556 | Analogy | A similarity or comparison between two different things or the relationship between them. Can explain something unfamiliar by associating it with or pointing out its similarity to something morefamiliar. also make writing more vivid, imaginative, or intellectually engaging. | 5 | |
| 4898557557 | Antecedent | the word, phrase or clause referred to by a pronoun. The AP language exam occasionally asks for the ____ of a pronoun in a long, complex sentence or in a group of sentences. | 6 | |
| 4898557558 | Antithesis | An opposition or contrast of ideas that is often expressed in balanced phrases or clauses. . | 7 | |
| 4898557559 | Aphorism | a terse statement of known authorship, which expresses a general truth or moral principle (If the authorship is unknown, the statement is generally considered to be a folk proverb.) Can be a memorable summation of the author's point. | 8 | |
| 4898557560 | Apostrophe | A figure of speech that directly addresses an absent or imaginary person or personified abstraction, such as liberty or love. The effect may add familiarity or emotional intensity. William Wordsworth addresses John Milton as he writes, "Milton, thou shouldn't be living at this hour: England hath need of thee." | 9 | |
| 4898557561 | Apotheosis | Derived from the Greek word meaning to deify. Occurs in literature when a character or a thing is elevated to such a high status that it appears godlike. | 10 | |
| 4898557562 | Appositive | word or phrase that follows a noun or pronoun for emphasis or clarity. usually set off by commas. | 11 | |
| 4898557563 | Assonance | is a type of internal rhyming in which vowel sounds are repeated. | 12 | |
| 4898557564 | Asyndeton | occurs when the conjunctions (such as and or but) that would normally connect a string of words, phrases, or clauses are omitted from a sentence. | 13 | |
| 4898557565 | Atmosphere | The emotional mood created by the entirety of a literary work, established partly by the setting and partly by the author's choice of objects that are described. Even such elements as a description of the weather can contribute to the _____.Frequently, _____foreshadows events. | 14 | |
| 4898557566 | Attitude | The feeling of a particular speaker or a piece of writing toward a subject, person, or idea. This expression is used as a synonym for tone. | 15 | |
| 4898557567 | Bathos | is false or forced emotion that is often humorous. Whereas pathos draws upon deep emotion, _____ takes this emotion to such an extreme that the reader finds it humorous rather than touching. | 16 | |
| 4898557568 | Clause | A grammatical unit that contains a subject and a verb. An independent comma or main comma _____that expresses a complete thought and can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent comma or subordinate comma ____ cannot stand alone as a sentence and must be accompanied by an independent ____ | 17 | |
| 4898557569 | Connotation | The non-literal, associative meaning of a word; the implied, suggested meaning. may involve ideas, emotions, or attitudes. | 18 | |
| 4898557570 | Contrast | Writers often use this or oppositions, to elaborate ideas.It help writers expand on their ideas by allowing them to show both what a thing is, and what it is not. | 19 | |
| 4898557571 | Denotation | The strict, literal, dictionary definition of a word, devoid of any emotion, attitude or color. | 20 | |
| 4898557572 | Diction | Related to style, ____ refers to the writer's word choices, especially with regard to their correctness, clearness, or effectiveness. | 21 | |
| 4898557573 | Didactic | From the Greek, ___ literally means "teaching." _____ words have the primary aim of teaching or instructing, especially the teaching of moral or ethical principles. | 22 | |
| 4898557574 | Elegiac | An ___ is work (of music, literature, dance, or art) that expresses sorrow. It mourns the loss of something, such as the death of a loved one. | 23 | |
| 4898557575 | Ethos | Characteristic spirit or ideal that informs a work. refers more generally to ethics, or values. In rhetorical writing, authors often attempt to persuade readers by appealing to their sense of ___, or ethical principles. | 24 | |
| 4898557576 | Euphemism | From the Greek for "good speech," ____ are a more agreeable or less offensive substitute for generally unpleasant words or concepts. The ___ may be used to adhere to standards of social or political correctness, or to add humor or ironic understatement. | 25 | |
| 4898557577 | Extended Metaphor | A type of metaphor developed at great length, occurring frequently in or throughout a work | 26 | |
| 4898557578 | Exposition | Refers to writing or speech that is organized to explain. | 27 | |
| 4898557579 | Fiction | Comes from the Latin word meaning to invent, to form, to imagine. Works of ____ can be based on actual occurrences, but their status as ____ means that something has been imagined or invented in the telling of the occurrence. | 28 | |
| 4898557580 | Figurative Language | Writing or speech that is not intended to carry literal meaning and is usually meant to be imaginative and vivid. | 29 | |
| 4898557581 | Figure of Speech | A device used to produce figurative language. Many compare dissimilar things. Include, for example, apostrophe, hyperbole, irony, metaphor, metonymy, oxymoron, paradox, personification, simile, synecdoche, and understatement. | 30 | |
| 4898557582 | Foreshadowing | A purposeful hint placed in a work of literature to suggest what may occur later in the narrative. For instance, a seemingly unrelated scene in a mystery story that focuses on a special interest of the detective may actually foreshadow the detective's use of that expertise in solving the mystery. | 31 | |
| 4898557583 | Genre | The major category into which a literary work fits. The basic divisions of literature are prose, poetry, and drama. However, ___ is a flexible term; within these broad boundaries exist many subdivisions that are often called ____themselves. | 32 | |
| 4898557584 | Grammar | a set of rules that specify how a given language is used effectively. | 33 | |
| 4898557585 | Hyperbole | A figure of speech using deliberate exaggeration or overstatement. | 34 | |
| 4898557586 | Imagery | The sensory details or figurative language used to describe, arouse emotion, or represent abstractions. | 35 | |
| 4898557587 | Irony/ironic | The contrast between what is stated explicitly and what is really meant; the difference between what appears to be and what actually is true. In general, there are three major types of __used in language In verbal __, the words literally state the opposite of the writer's (or speaker's) true meaning. In situational _, events turn out the opposite of what was expected. What the characters and readers think ought to happen is not what does happen. In dramatic _, the facts or events are unknown to a character in a play or piece of fiction but known to the reader, audience, or other characters in the work. __ is used for many reasons, but frequently, it's used to create poignancy and humor. | 36 | |
| 4898557588 | Juxtaposition | When two contrasting things—ideas, words, or sentence elements—are placed next to each other for comparison, ___ occurs. | 37 | |
| 4898557589 | Logos | Refers to the use of reason as a controlling principle in an argument. In rhetorical writing, authors often attempt to persuade, readers by appealing to their sense of reason | 38 | |
| 4898557590 | Metaphor | a figure of speech using implied comparison of seemingly unlike things or the substitution of one for the other, suggesting some similarity. | 39 | |
| 4898557591 | Metonymy | A term from the Greek meaning "changed label" or "substitute name," is a figure of speech, which the name of one object is substituted for that of another closely associated with it. | 40 | |
| 4898557592 | Mood | The first meaning is grammatical and deals with verbal units and a speaker's attitude. The indicative ___ is used only for factual sentences. The second meaning of __is literary, meaning the prevailing atmosphere or emotional aura of a work. | 41 | |
| 4898557593 | Onomatopoeia | A figure of speech in which natural sounds are imitated in the sounds of words. | 42 | |
| 4898557594 | Overview | is a brief summary of a whole work. | 43 | |
| 4898557595 | Oxymoron | From the Greek for "pointedly foolish," a figure of speech wherein the author groups apparently contradictory terms to suggest paradox. | 44 | |
| 4898557596 | Pacing | A speed of a story's action, dialogue, or narration. Some stories are told slowly, some more quickly. Events happen fast or they are dragged out. | 45 | |
| 4898557597 | Paradox | A statement that appears to be self-contradictory or opposed to common sense, but upon closer inspection contains some degree of truth or validity. | 46 | |
| 4898557598 | Parallelism | this term comes from Greek roots meaning "beside one another." It refers to the grammatical or rhetorical framing of words, phrases, sentences, or paragraphs to give structural similarity. This can involve, but is not limited to, repetition of a grammatical element such as a preposition or verbal phrase. | 47 | |
| 4898557599 | Parody | A work that closely imitates the style or content of another with the specific aim of comic effect and/or ridicule. | 48 | |
| 4898557600 | Pathos | is a sympathetic feeling of pity or compassion evoked by an artistic work. | 49 | |
| 4898557601 | Person | A grammatical tern that describes the relationship of a writer or speaker to an audience by examining the pronouns that are used. | 50 | |
| 4898557602 | Persona | Character created by the voice and narration of the speaker of a text. | 51 | |
| 4898557603 | Personification | A figure of speech in which the author presents or describes concepts, animals, or inanimate objects by endowing them with human attributes or emotions. | 52 | |
| 4898557604 | Point of View | In literature, the perspective from which a story is told. The first-person narrator tells the story with the first-person pronoun, "I," and is a character in the story. This narrator can be the protagonist (the hero or heroine), a participant (a character in a secondary role), or an observer (a character who merely watches the action). | 53 | |
| 4898557605 | Pun | is a play on word's.is crated by using a word that has two different meanings, or using two different words with similar meanings, for a playful effect. | 54 | |
| 4898557606 | Repetition | The duplication, either exact or approximate, of any element of language, such as a sound, word, phrase, clause, sentence, or grammatical pattern. | 55 | |
| 4898557607 | Rhetoric | From the Greek for "orator," this term describes the principles governing the art of writing effectively, eloquently, and persuasively. | 56 | |
| 4898557608 | Rhetorical or stylistic devices | are the specific language tools that an author uses to carry out a rhetorical strategy, and thus achieve a purpose for writing. | 57 | |
| 4898557609 | Rhetoric modes | this flexible term describes the variety, the conventions, and the purposes of the major kinds of writing. The four most common are and their purposes are as follows: The purpose of exposition is to explain and analyze information by presenting an idea, relevant evidence, and appropriate discussion. The AP language exam essay questions are frequently set up as expository topics.The purpose of argumentation is to prove the validity of and idea, or point of view, by presenting sound reasoning, discussion, and argument that thoroughly convince the reader. Persuasive writing is a type of argumentation having the additional aim of urging some form of action.The purpose of description is to re-create, invent or visually present a person, place, event, or action so that the reader can picture that being described. Sometimes an author engages all five senses in description; good descriptive writing can be sensuous and picturesque. Descriptive may be straightforward and objective of highly emotional and subjective. The purpose of narration is to tell a story or narrate an event or series of events. This writing mode frequently uses the tools of descriptive writing. | 58 | |
| 4898557610 | Rhetorical Question | A question that is asked merely for effect and does not expect a reply. The answer is assumed. | 59 | |
| 4898557611 | Rhetorical strategy | strategy describes the way an author organizes words, sentences, and overall argument in order to achieve a discussion of how this term fits into a broader picture of rhetoric. | 60 | |
| 4898557612 | Satire | A work that targets human vices and follies, or social institutions and conventions, for reform or ridicule. Regardless of whether or not the work aims to reform humans or their society, is best seen as a style of writing rather than a purpose for writing. | 61 | |
| 4898557613 | Selection of Detail | The specific words, incidents, images, or events the author uses to create a scene or narrative. | 62 | |
| 4898557614 | Simile | an explicit comparison, normally using like, as, or if. | 63 | |
| 4898557615 | Speaker | The narrator of the story, poem, or drama. A fictional persona. | 64 | |
| 4898557616 | Style | two purposes: 1. An evaluation of the sum of the choices an author makes in blending diction, syntax, figurative language, and other literary devices. We can analyze and describe an author's personal __and make judgments on how appropriate it is to the author's purpose. Can be called flowery, explicit, succinct, rambling, bombastic, commonplace, incisive, or laconic, to name only a few examples. 2. Classification of authors to a group and comparison of an author to similar authors. | 65 | |
| 4898557617 | Strategy | A plan of action, or movement to achieve a goal. In rhetoric or writing, describes the way an author organizes words, sentences, and overall argument in order to achieve a particular purpose. | 66 | |
| 4898557618 | Syllogism | From the Greek for "reckoning together," is a deductive system of formal logic that presents two premises-the first one called "major" and the second "minor"- that inevitable lead to a sound conclusion. A conclusion is valid only if each of the two premises is valid. may also present the specific idea first and the general idea second. | 67 | |
| 4898557619 | Symbol | Generally, anything that represents or stands for something else. Usually, is something concrete- such as an object, action, character, or scene- that represents something more abstract. Three categories: Natural use objects and occurrences from nature to represent ideas commonly associated with them Conventional are those that have been invested with meaning by a group. Literary are sometimes also conventional in the sense that they are found in a variety of works and are generally recognized. | 68 | |
| 4898557620 | Synonym | A word that has the same, or nearly the same meaning as another word. | 69 | |
| 4898557621 | Syntax | The way an author chooses to join words into phrases, clauses, and sentences. The writer may use questions, declarations, exclamations, or rhetorical questions; sentences are also classified as periodic or loose, simple, compound, or complex sentences. First try to classify what kind of sentences the author uses, and then try to determine how the author's choices amplify meaning, in other words why they work well for the author's purpose. | 70 | |
| 4898557622 | Tension | is a work of literature, is a feeling of excitement and expectation the reader or the audience feels because of conflict, mood, or atmosphere. | 71 | |
| 4898557623 | Texture | Describes the way the elements of a work of prose or poetry are joined together. It suggests an association with the style of the author—whether, for instance, the author's prose is roughhewn (elements at odds with one another) | 72 | |
| 4898557624 | Theme | The central idea or message of a work, the insight it offers into life | 73 | |
| 4898557625 | Tone | describes the author's attitude toward his or her material, the audience, or both. | 74 | |
| 4898557626 | Understatement | The ironic minimalizing of fact, presents something as less significant than it is. The effect can frequently be humorous and emphatic. | 75 | |
| 4898557627 | Voice | How the speaker of literary work presents him or herself to the reader determines that speaker's unique ___. | 76 | |
| 4898557628 | Zeugma | refers to a particular breech of sense in a sentence. It occurs when a word is used with two adjacent words in the same construction, but only makes literal sense with one of them. | 77 | |
| 4898557629 | Thesis | 1. a proposition maintained or defended in argument. 2. An unproved statement assumed as a premise. | 78 | |
| 5454618060 | Anaphora | Repetition of a word, phrase or clause at the beginning of two or more sentences in a row. | 79 | |
| 5454625992 | Polysendeton | the use of several conjunctions in close succession, esp where some might be omitted, as in he ran and jumped and laughed for joy | 80 | |
| 5454672047 | Epistrophe | The repetition of the same word or group of words at the ends of successive clauses; it sets up a pronounced rhythm and gains a special emphasis both by repeating the word and by putting the words in the final position. | 81 | |
| 5454659702 | Chiasmus | a rhetorical or literary figure in which words, grammatical constructions, or concepts are repeated in reverse order, in the same or a modified form; e.g. 'Poetry is the record of the best and happiest moments of the happiest and best minds.' | 82 |
