Terms : Hide Images
| 6076159508 | audience | One's listener or readership; those to whom text is addressed | 0 | |
| 6076159509 | concession | An argumentative strategy by which a speaker or writer acknowledges the validity of an opponent's point | 1 | |
| 6076159510 | context | Words, events, or circumstances that help determine meaning | 2 | |
| 6076159511 | counterargument | An opposing argument to the one a writer is putting forward | 3 | |
| 6076159512 | occasion | The time and place a speech is given or a piece is written | 4 | |
| 6076159513 | persona | The face or character that a speaker shows to his/her audience | 5 | |
| 6076159514 | polemic | Controversial argument, esp. one attacking a specific idea | 6 | |
| 6076159515 | propaganda | Ideas spread to influence public opinion for or against a cause. | 7 | |
| 6076159516 | purpose | One's intention or objective in a speech or piece of writing. | 8 | |
| 6076159517 | refutation | a denial of the validity of an opposing argument | 9 | |
| 6076159518 | rhetoric | The art of using language effectively and persuasively | 10 | |
| 6076159519 | rhetorical appeals | Rhetorical techniques used to persuade an audience by emphasizing what they find most important or compelling. The three major appeals are to ethos (character), logos (reason), and pathos (emotion) | 11 | |
| 6076159520 | rhetorical triangle | A diagram that represents a rhetorical situation as the relationship among the speaker, the subject, and the audience (see Aristotelian triangle) | 12 | |
| 6076159521 | speaker | A term used for the author, speaker, or the person whose perspective (real or imagined) is being advanced in a text | 13 | |
| 6076159524 | tone | Attitudes and presuppositions of the author that are revealed by their linguistic choices (diction, syntax, rhetorical devices) | 14 | |
| 6076159525 | antithesis | An opposition or contrast of ideas that is often expressed in balanced phrases or clauses. | 15 | |
| 6076159526 | archaic diction | The use of words common to an earlier time period; antiquated language. | 16 | |
| 6076159528 | hortative sentence | A sentence that exhorts, urges, entreats, implores, or calls to action. | 17 | |
| 6076159530 | inversion | The reversal of the normal word order in a sentence or phrase. | 18 | |
| 6076159531 | juxtaposition | Placing two elements side by side to present a comparison or contrast. | 19 | |
| 6076159532 | metaphor | A comparison that establishes a figurative identity between objects being compared, does not use like or as. | 20 | |
| 6076159533 | parallelism | Similarity of structure in a pair or series of related words, phrases, or clauses. | 21 | |
| 6076159534 | periodic sentence | A sentence that presents its central meaning in a main clause at the end. | 22 | |
| 6076159535 | rhetorical question | A figure of speech in the form of a question posed for rhetorical effect rather than for the purpose of getting an answer | 23 | |
| 6076159536 | synecdoche | A rhetorical trope involving a part of an object representing the whole, or the whole of an object representing a part. | 24 | |
| 6076159537 | ad populum | Latin for "to the crowd." A fallacy of logic in which the widespread occurrence of something is assumed to make it true. Bandwagon appeal. | 25 | |
| 6076159538 | argument | A process of reasoned inquiry; a persuasive discourse resulting in a coherent and considered movement from a claim to a conclusion. | 26 | |
| 6076159539 | assumption | A fact or statement that is taken for granted rather than tested or proved. | 27 | |
| 6076159540 | backing | Support or evidence for a claim in an argument. | 28 | |
| 6076159541 | begging the question | A fallacy in which a claim is based on evidence or support that is in doubt. | 29 | |
| 6076159543 | introduction | Introduces the reader to the subject under discussion. | 30 | |
| 6076159547 | conclusion | Brings the essay to a satisfying close. | 31 | |
| 6076159548 | deduction | A logical process whereby one reaches a conclusion by starting with a general principle or universal truth (a major premise) and applying it to a specific case (a minor premise). The process of deduction is usually demonstrated in the form of a syllogism. | 32 | |
| 6076159549 | either/or (false dilemma) | A fallacy in which the speaker presents two extreme options as the only possible choices. | 33 | |
| 6076159550 | first-hand evidence | Evidence based on something the writer knows, whether it's from personal experience, observations, or general knowledge of events. | 34 | |
| 6076159551 | induction | A method of reasoning by which a rhetor collects a number of instances and forms a generalization that is meant to apply to all instances. | 35 | |
| 6076159552 | qualifier | Words like usually, probably, maybe, in most cases, and most likely that are used to temper claims a bit, making them less absolute. | 36 | |
| 6076159553 | rebuttal | refutation; opposing response to an argument | 37 | |
| 6076159554 | reservation | A stated or unstated doubt that prevents you from accepting something wholeheartedly. | 38 | |
| 6076159558 | syllogism | A form of reasoning in which two statements are made and a conclusion is drawn from them. A syllogism is the format of a formal argument that consists of a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion. | 39 | |
| 6076159561 | personification | A figure of speech in which the author presents or describes concepts, animals, or inanimate objects by endowing them with human attributes or emotions. | 40 | |
| 6076159562 | oxymoron | A figure of speech that combines opposite or contradictory terms in a brief phrase. | 41 | |
| 6076159563 | allusion | A reference to a well-known person, place, event, literary work, or work of art. | 42 | |
| 6076159564 | pathos | Appeal to emotion; Achieved by evoking feelings like sympathy, anger, pity, or compassion. | 43 | |
| 6076159565 | ethos | Appeal to an audience's sense of morality/trust or ethics; Achieved by projecting an image of credibility which supports the speaker's position | 44 | |
| 6076159566 | logos | Appeal to an audience's sense of intellect or logic; Achieved by providing valid and relevant facts which support the speaker's position | 45 | |
| 6076159567 | asyndeton | Commas used (with no conjunction) to separate a series of words. The parts are emphasized equally when the conjunction is omitted; in addition, the use of commas with no intervening conjunction speeds up the flow of the sentence. Asyndeton takes the form of X, Y, Z as opposed to X, Y and Z | 46 | |
| 6076159568 | anaphora | A rhetorical figure of repetition in which the same word or phrase is repeated in (and usually at the beginning of) successive lines, clauses, or sentences. | 47 | |
| 6076159569 | antimetabole | Figure of emphasis in which the words in one phrase or clause are replicated, exactly or closely, in reverse grammatical order in the next phrase or clause; a chiasmus on the level of words (A-B, B-A). For example, "And so, my fellow Americans, ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country" (JFK). | 48 | |
| 6076159570 | alliteration | Repetition of consonant sounds at the beginning of words or stressed syllables; it is used to emphasize meaning or to improve flow through rhythm. | 49 | |
| 6076159571 | connotation | An implied meaning of the word. | 50 | |
| 6076159572 | denotation | A literal meaning or dictionary definition of a word. | 51 | |
| 6076159573 | hyperbole | A figure of speech that uses exaggeration to express strong emotion, make a point, or evoke humor | 52 | |
| 6076159574 | zeugma | The use of a word to modify or govern two or more words although its use may be grammatically or logically correct with only one. | 53 | |
| 6076159575 | ad hominem | An argument based on the failings of an adversary rather than on the merits of the case; a logical fallacy that involves a personal attack. | 54 | |
| 6076159576 | red herring | An argument that distracts the reader by raising issues irrelevant to the case. | 55 | |
| 6076159577 | hasty generalization | A fallacy that presents a generalization that is either not supported with evidence or is supported with only weak evidence. | 56 | |
| 6076159578 | circular reasoning | A fallacy in which the writer repeats the claim as a way to provide evidence. | 57 | |
| 6076159579 | anecdote | A brief narrative that focuses on a particular incident or event. | 58 | |
| 6076159580 | bandwagon appeal | A claim that a listener should accept an argument because of how many other people have already accepted it. | 59 | |
| 6076159581 | post hoc ergo propter hoc | This fallacy is Latin for "after which therefore because of which," meaning that it is incorrect to always claim that something is a cause just because it happened earlier. One may loosely summarize this fallacy by saying that correlation does not imply causation. | 60 | |
| 6076159582 | claim of fact | A claim that asserts something exists, has existed, or will exist, based on data that the audience will accept as objectively verifiable. | 61 | |
| 6076159583 | claim of policy | A claim asserting that specific courses of action should be instituted as solutions to problems. | 62 | |
| 6076159584 | claim | An assertion or a proposition that states the argument's main idea or position. | 63 | |
| 6076159585 | faulty analogy | An illogical, misleading comparison between two things. | 64 | |
| 6076159586 | straw man fallacy | This fallacy involves misrepresenting, exaggerating, or oversimplifying an opponent's position or argument to make it easier to refute. | 65 | |
| 6076159587 | either/or fallacy | A statement that identifies two alternatives and falsely suggests that if one is rejected, the other must be accepted | 66 | |
| 6076159590 | appeal to false authority | This fallacy occurs when someone who has no expertise to speak on an issue is cited as an authority. | 67 | |
| 6076159591 | logical fallacy | An error in reasoning that renders an argument invalid. Generally occurs in arguments that fail to make concrete, logical claims for support. | 68 | |
| 6076159592 | quantitative evidence | Evidence that can be measured, cited, counted, or otherwise represented in numbers (surveys, census information, polls, statistics, etc.) | 69 | |
| 6076159593 | open thesis | A statement of the main idea of the argument that does not list all the points the writer intends to cover. | 70 | |
| 6076159594 | counterargument thesis | A summary of the counterargument usually qualified by "although" or "but" and precedes the writer's opinion. This type of thesis statement has the advantage of immediately addressing the counterargument. | 71 | |
| 6076159595 | thesis | In an argument, an expression of the claim that the writer or speaker is trying to support. In an essay, an expression of the main idea or purpose of the piece of writing. | 72 | |
| 6076159596 | closed thesis | A statement of the main idea of the argument that also previews the major points the writer intends to make. | 73 | |
| 6076159597 | claim of value | A claim maintaining that something is good or bad, beneficial or detrimental, or another evaluative criterion. | 74 |
